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11 protocols using mre11

1

RECQ1 Interactome Analysis by Immunoprecipitation

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Immunoprecipitation experiments were performed as previously described (25 (link)). Lysates were prepared from 2.5 × 106 cells using RIPA buffer (0.1% SDS, 0.5% Na-deoxycholate, 1% NP40, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 50 mM Tris/Cl, pH 8) supplemented with phosphatase, protease inhibitors and benzonase. One milligram of lysate was incubated overnight at 4°C with BcMagTM Magnetic Beads (Bioclone) conjugated with 4 μg of anti-RECQ1 antibody under rotation, according to the manufacturer instructions. After extensive washing in RIPA buffer, proteins were eluted in 2× electrophoresis buffer and subjected to SDS–PAGE and western blotting.
Western blotting were performed using standard methods. Blots were incubated with primary antibodies against RECQ1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), SMARCAL1 (Bethyl), MRE11 (Novus Biological), DNA2 (Abcam), EXO1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-PAR (Abcam), tubulin (Sigma-Aldrich) and lamin B1 (Abcam). After incubations with horseradish peroxidase-linked secondary antibodies (Jackson Immunosciences), the blots were developed using the chemiluminescence detection kit ECL-Plus (Amersham) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Quantification was performed on scanned images of blots using the Image Lab software, and the values shown on the graphs represent normalization of the protein content evaluated through lamin B1 or tubulin immunoblotting.
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2

Antibody Panel for DNA Damage Signaling

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The following antibodies were used for western blot analysis: 53BP1 (Bethyl Laboratories, A300-272A, 1:3000), LIN37 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-515686, 1:200), BLM (Bethyl Laboratories, A300-572A, 1:2000), BRCA1 for mouse (R and D Systems, gift from Dr. Andre Nussenzweig, NCI, 1:1000) (Zong et al., 2019 (link)), BRCA1 for human (Millipore Sigma, 07-434, 1:1000), RAD51 (Millipore Sigma, ABE257, 1:2000), BARD1 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, PA5-85707, 1:1000), CtIP (gift from Dr. Richard Baer, [Columbia University, New York], 1:1000), MRE11 (Novus Biologicals, NB100-142, 1:2000), RIF1 (Abcam, ab13422, 1:500), SHLD1/C20orf196 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, PA5-559280, 1:200), GAPDH (Sigma, G8795, 1:10,000), KAP1 (Genetex, GTX102226, 1:2000), FANCD2 (R and D Systems, MAB93691, 1:1000), BRCA2 for human (Proteintech, 19791-1-AP, 1:500), Rb1 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, LF-MA0173, 1:1000), Phospho-Rb (Ser780) (Cell Signaling Technology, 8180T, 1:1000), Phospho-Rb (Ser807/811) (Cell Signaling Technology, 8516T, 1:1000), PCNA (Bethyl Laboratories, A300-276A, 1:3000), CDK4: (Novus Biologicals, NBP1-31308, 1:1000), CDK4 (phosphor Thr 172) (GeneTex, GTX00778, 1:1000), and RPA (Cell Signaling Technology, 2208S, 1:1000).
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3

Multiprotein DNA Repair Complex Characterization

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Actin (Santa Cruz, sc-1616); BLM (Bethyl, A300-110A); RMI1 (Bethyl, A300-631A); TOP3A (ProteinTech, 14525-1); ATR (Santa Cruz, sc-1887); Chk1 (Santa Cruz, sc-8408); PolD3 (Abnova, H00010714-M01); PolD1 (Bethyl, A304-005A); PolH (Bethyl, A301-231A); BRCA1 (EMD/Calbiochem, OP92); BRCA2 (EMD/Calbiochem, OP95); PALB2 (Bethyl, IHC-00251); Rad51 (Santa Cruz, sc-8349); Rad52 (Santa Cruz, sc-365341); Mre11 (Novus, NB100-142); Smc5 (Bethyl, A300-236A); Smc6 (Bethyl, A300-237A); FANCD2 (Novus, 100-182); RNas H1 (ProteinTech, 15606-1); mCherry (GeneTex,GTX128508), GAPDH (Cell Signaling, #2118). Myc (Santa Cruz, sc-40). Antibodies recognizing FANCM, FAAP24, MHF1, and MHF2 are generously provided by Dr. Xiaodong Wang. The antibody recognizing CtIP was generously provided by Richard Baer.
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4

Antibody Detection and Protein Extraction

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The following antibodies were used: HNRNPD (1:1000, 07-260, Millipore, RRID:AB_2117338), HNRNPD (1:1000, D6O4F, Cell Signalling, Danvers, MA, RRID:AB_2616009), RPA32 (1:5000, A300–244A, Bethyl Laboratories, RRID:AB_185548), RPA32 S4/S8 (1:2000, A300–245A, Bethyl Laboratories), H3 (1:1000, #9715, Cell Signalling, RRID:AB_331563), CHK1 S345 (1:1000, #2348, Cell Signalling), CHK1 (1:1000, #2360, Cell Signalling), GAPDH (1:1000, sc-25778, Santa Cruz, Dallas), MRE11 (1:1000, NB100–142, Novus Biological), EXOI (1:1000, A302–640A, Bethyl Laboratories), CtIP (1:1000, #61142, Active Motif) SAF-A (1:1000, ab10297, Abcam), RAD17 S645 (1:2000, ab3620, Abcam), FLAG-M2 (1:1000, F1804, SIGMA Aldrich), HA-tag (1:500, sc-805, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), Lamin A/C (1:1000, #4777, Cell Signalling), GFP (1:5000, ab6556, Abcam), His-tag (1:1000, 05-531, Millipore). For total protein extraction, cells were lysed at 4°C in 50 mM HEPES pH7.5, 1% Triton X-100, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM EGTA, supplemented with protease and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (Roche Applied Science). Lysates were clarified by centrifugation at 10 000 × g for 20 min. Lysates containing equal amounts of proteins, estimated through the Bradford assay (Bio-Rad), were subjected to SDS-page. The chemiluminescent images were obtained using the ImageQuant LAS 500 (GE Healthcare).
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5

Immunoblotting Antibodies for DNA Damage Response

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The following antibodies were used for immunoblotting: rabbit polyclonal antisera raised against SMC1 (BL308; Bethyl Laboratories), BRCA1 (Bouwman et al, 2010 (link)), 53BP1 (NB100-304; Novus Biologicals), PARP1 (46D11; Cell Signaling) and human histone H3 (a gift from Dr. Alain Verreault, University of Montreal); mouse monoclonal antibodies raised against TRF2 (NB100-57130; Novus Biologicals), phospho-ATM Ser1981 (Cell Signaling), MRE11 (NB100-142; Novus Biologicals), CHK2/Cds1 (clone 7, Upstate), CtIP (a gift from Dr. Richard Baer, Columbia University), NBS1 (ab49958; Abcam), WRN (a gift from Dr. Thomas Helleday, Karolinska Institute), GAPDH (NB600-502; Novus Biologicals), LIG3 (611876; BD Transduction) and α-tubulin (Cancer Research UK Monoclonal Antibody Service). In addition, rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against RAD51 (FBE2; Clare Hall Laboratories) and 53BP1 (NB100-304; Novus Biologicals) as well as mouse monoclonal against phosphorylated histone H2AX-Ser139 (JBW301; Upstate) were used for immunofluorescence detection.
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6

Immunofluorescence and Western Blot Protocols

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The primary antibodies used for immunofluorescence or Western blot hybridization were SUPT16H (mouse, Abnova, Taipei, Taiwan), Ku80 (mouse, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), MDC1 (mouse, Abcam), Mre11 (rabbit, Novus Biologicals, Centennial, CO, USA), 53BP1 (rabbit, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), XRCC1 (rabbit, Abcam), TopBP1 (mouse, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), Lamin B1 (mouse, Abcam), histone H3 (rabbit, Abcam), PAR (rabbit, Trevigen, Gaithersburg, MD, USA). The secondary antibodies conjugated to either Alexa Fluor 488 or Alexa Fluor 594 were purchased from Invitrogen (Karlsbad, CA, USA); the horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse and anti-rabbit IgG were purchased from GE Healthcare (Chicago, IL, USA).
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7

CRISPR Antibodies and Plasmids

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The following antibodies were used for western blot analysis: CtIP (gift from Dr. Richard Baer, [Columbia University, New York], 1:1000), MRE11 (Novus Biologicals, NB100-142, 1:2000), GAPDH (Sigma, G8795, 1:10,000), DNA-PKcs (Invitrogen, MA5-32192, 1:1000), KAP1 (Genetex, GTX102226, 1:2000), KU70 (Cell Signaling Technology, #4588, 1:1000).
Plasmid Constructs pCW-Cas9 was a gift from Eric Lander and David Sabatini (Addgene plasmid #50661) (Wang et al., 2014 (link)). pKLV-U6gRNA(BbsI)-PGKpuro2ABFP was a gift from Kosuke Yusa (Addgene plasmid #50946) (Koike-Yusa et al., 2014 (link)). Mouse Improved Genome-wide Knockout CRISPR Library v2 was a gift from Kosuke Yusa (Addgene #67988) (Tzelepis et al., 2016 (link)).
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8

Western Blot Analysis of DNA Repair Proteins

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Cells were washed with ice cold PBS lysed with RIPA lysis buffer (Life Technologies) adding 1× PhosStop and protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche). The protein concentration was measured by BCA protein assay (Bio-Rad). Equal amounts of protein (30 μg) were used for Western blot analysis as described (15 (link)). Primary antibodies against MRE11 (Novus Bio, 1:1000), UBR5 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, 1:1000), RNF168 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, 1:1000), b-actin (Cell Signaling Technology, 1:3000) were used. Antibody binding was detected using ECL reagents (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
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9

Immunoblotting and Immunofluorescence Assays

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Primary antibodies to cellular proteins were purchased from commercial sources: Mre11 (Novus NB100-142), Rad50 (GeneTex [13B3] GTX70228), Nbs1 (Novus NB100-143), ATM pS1981 (Epitomics 2152-1 and Abcam [EP1890Y] ab81292), ATM (Abcam [Y170] ab32420 and Epitomics 1549-1), Actin (Sigma a5441), RPA32 (Abcam ab2175 and Bethyl A300-244A), PML (Santa Cruz [PG-M3] sc-966), and FLAG (Sigma F3165 and F7425). Primary antibodies to adenoviral proteins DBP and E4orf3 were gifts from A. Levine and T. Dobner, respectively. Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies for immunoblotting were purchased from Jackson Laboratories. Fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies for immunofluorescence were purchased from Life Technologies. The ATM kinase inhibitor KU55933 was purchased from Abcam. The proteasome inhibitor MG132 was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
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10

Western Blot Analysis of DNA Repair Proteins

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Cell extracts were prepared and proteins were resolved by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as described previously (47 (link),54 (link)). Rabbit anti-53BP1 were purchased from Novus and used at 1:1000 dilution. Mouse anti-BRCA1 (D-9, Santa Cruz) was used at 1:100 for western blotting. HA.11 clone 16B12 from Covance was used at 1:1000 for western blotting. Mre11 was used at 1:1000 for western blotting (Novus Biologicals). Secondary antibodies used were goat-anti-mouse IgG–horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated, goat-anti-rabbit IgG–HRP conjugated at 1:2000 dilutions.
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