All signals were generated digitally in MATLAB (Version 2015b; The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, United States) on a PC equipped with an RME UCX Fireface sound card at a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz and with a resolution of 16 bits per sample. The stimuli were presented in a sound-attenuating booth via Sennheiser HD 650 headphones to the better ear of the listeners, as derived from the average of the audiometric thresholds at 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, and 2000 Hz. The transfer function of each earpiece of the headphones was digitally equalized (101-point FIR filter) to produce a flat frequency response for frequencies between 0.100 and 10 kHz, measured with an ear simulator (B&K 4153) and a flat plate adaptor as specified in IEC 60318-1 (2009).
Hd650
Manufactured by Sennheiser
Sourced in Germany, Jamaica
The Sennheiser HD650 is an open-back, circumaural headphone. It features a frequency response of 10 Hz to 39.5 kHz and an impedance of 300 ohms. The headphones are constructed with a metal mesh and earcups made of high-quality materials.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
21 protocols using hd650
1
Digitally Generated Audio Stimuli
2
Virtual Auditory Spatial Perception Experiment
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Subjects sat on a stool in a sound-attenuated chamber and a chin-rest was used to keep their head stationary during the experiment. Virtual auditory space (VAS) stimuli were passed to a MOTU 828 MKII audio interface and presented to subjects over Sennheiser HD650 headphones. A Viewsonic PJD5453S projector, with a maximum resolution of 1920 × 1080 pixels, was mounted on the wall behind and above the subject and projected stimuli onto a semicircular screen that curved around the subject and covered azimuths up to 70° to the left and right of the midline. The screen was positioned at a radius of 84 cm from the center of the subjects’ heads, and extended from 88 to 144 cm above the floor (thus covering 36.9° of visual field from top to bottom). It was composed of black speaker cloth mounted on a wooden frame, and a black cotton curtain was attached with velcro to the bottom of the frame to hide the metal legs. A computer mouse was provided for subjects to move a crosshair cursor that was projected onto the screen in order to initiate and respond to trials. During the experiments, the azimuthal location of the visual and auditory stimuli was varied as described in further detail in the following section, while the vertical location (elevation) was held fixed at 116 cm above the floor, corresponding roughly to eye level.
3
Binaural Listening Level Adjustment in Cochlear Implants
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Stimuli were presented via circumaural headphones (Sennheiser HD650, Hanover, Germany) placed around and over behind-the-ear CI sound processors (Goupell et al., 2018a (link)). During unilateral testing, the processor on the opposite side was removed or muted.
Testing occurred in a sound attenuated testing booth (International Acoustics Co., Bronx, NY). The stimulus level began at 65 dB-A, and the volume was then adjusted to a comfortably loud and interaurally balanced listening level. Adjustments were made primarily to the volume in the poorer ear (better-ear exceptions: P01: upward, P08 and P05: downward) and changes were limited to ±5 dB for a maximum of 70 dB-A. Level adjustment was done exclusively at the beginning of the session using the baseline programs and a recorded sentence with the same average root-mean-square amplitude as the test stimuli. Tasks were run using software developed for MATLAB (Mathworks, Natick, MA) running on a personal computer.
Testing occurred in a sound attenuated testing booth (International Acoustics Co., Bronx, NY). The stimulus level began at 65 dB-A, and the volume was then adjusted to a comfortably loud and interaurally balanced listening level. Adjustments were made primarily to the volume in the poorer ear (better-ear exceptions: P01: upward, P08 and P05: downward) and changes were limited to ±5 dB for a maximum of 70 dB-A. Level adjustment was done exclusively at the beginning of the session using the baseline programs and a recorded sentence with the same average root-mean-square amplitude as the test stimuli. Tasks were run using software developed for MATLAB (Mathworks, Natick, MA) running on a personal computer.
4
Virtual Reality Immersive Experiences
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All visuals were rendered using an Oculus Rift S (https://www.oculus.com/rift-s/ , Menlo Park, CA, USA) head mounted display using an MSI GP74 gaming laptop (https://www.msi.com , New Taipei City, Taiwan). Audio was delivered using Sennheiser HD 650 (https://www.sennheiser-hearing.com/en-UK/p/hd-650/ , Wedemark, Germany) open back headphones. Participant head rotation and positional data within the virtual environment was tracked with 6DoF using the Oculus Rift S cameras. Participants controlled the in-game avatar using the Oculus Touch controllers.
5
Acoustics Evaluation in Soundproof Booth
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All testing occurred in a double-walled sound-attenuating booth. Signals were created in MATLAB, and presented to the participant via Sennheiser HD 650 circum-aural headphones.
6
Bilateral Bone Conduction Measurements
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The experiment was conducted within a sound proof room, with a background noise of 25 dB sound pressure level (SPL). Computer-generated stimuli were delivered through a sound card (Fireface UFX II, RME, Haimhausen, Germany), connected to BC transducers (B-81, RadioEar, Middelfart, Denmark) and AC headphones (HD 650, Sennheiser, Wedemark, Germany). During the BC trials, participants underwent testing with bilateral BC transducers positioned at the mastoid secured by an elastic band producing a static force of approximately 3N. The BC transducers were placed once, and all BC measurements were made with them in the same place. Care was taken to avoid the BC transducers to touch the pinnae and to place them as symmetrical as possible on the two mastoids.
7
Impact of Virtual Professor's Voice Quality
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An audio-visual VR experiment was conducted in a sound-proof booth at the Institute of Psychology at RWTH Aachen University. Participants were tested individually, immersed into the scene of a virtual seminar room utilizing a head-mounted display (HMD, HTC Vive Pro Eye; see Fig. 3 ) and Sennheiser HD 650 headphones. We applied a within-subject design to assess the effect of the virtual professor’s voice quality (typical vs. hoarse) on students’ memory, listening effort, and listening impression. Approval for the study, which was conducted in accordance with all relevant regulations, was granted by the ethics committee of the Faculty of Arts and Humanities (ref. 2022_016_FB7_RWTH Aachen). Informed consent was obtained from all participants before the experiment commenced.
8
Cross-Cultural Music Perception Experiment
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Participants in Sydney were tested in a soundproof room, seated behind a laptop and listened through headphones (Sennheiser HD 280 Pro, Beyerdynamic DT 770 Pro, or Sennheiser HD 650). As in PNG, the experimental task was explained by a research assistant, but participants indicated their answers themselves by pressing keys on the computer’s keyboard. The same question was asked for Sydney participants as for the Uruwa participants, but translated to the English ‘which one is finished?’. After the experiment, participants were asked to complete the Goldsmith’s Musical Sophistication Index questionnaire, which is designed to elicit information from participants regarding their engagement with music, self-reported listening, singing skills, musical training, and their emotional engagement with music [59 (link)]. Questions related to their demographics, cultural heritage, and musical preferences were also asked.
Experiments were conducted in June/July 2019 (Towet) and July/August/October 2019 (other villages, Western Sydney University). The study was approved by the Towet community leaders, the Papua New Guinea National Research Institute, and the Western Sydney University Human Research Ethics Committee (H13179).
Experiments were conducted in June/July 2019 (Towet) and July/August/October 2019 (other villages, Western Sydney University). The study was approved by the Towet community leaders, the Papua New Guinea National Research Institute, and the Western Sydney University Human Research Ethics Committee (H13179).
9
Measuring Speech Reception Thresholds
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A Danish hearing-in-noise test (DaHINT; Nielsen and Dau, 2009 (link)) was used to estimate speech reception thresholds (SRTs). Listeners were presented with spoken sentences in speech-shaped stationary noise at equal hearing level (65 dB HL) and asked to repeat the sentences. The stimuli were presented diotically using Sennheiser HD650 headphones in a double-walled sound booth. The level of the speech signal varied adaptively to identify reception thresholds for each subject, indicating the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at which the listeners correctly recognize 50% of the presented sentences. Each listener was presented with 3 different lists consisting of 20 sentences, and the SRTs were averaged across lists.
10
Vocoded Speech Perception in Children and Adults
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Twenty children (8–10 years) and 21 young adults (19–26 years) were tested. All listeners had thresholds ≤20 dB Hearing Level between 0.25 and 8 kHz. All were native English-speaking with no reported developmental disabilities. None of the listeners had previous experience with listening to vocoded speech. All children assented and all adults consented to participation in the study, the process approved by the University of Wisconsin-Madison Institutional Review Board. The authors had no conflicts of interest and the Institutional Review Board oversaw the ethical conduct of the research.
The experiment was run using custom software in Matlab (The Mathworks, Natick, MA) and conducted in a standard double-walled sound booth with dimensions 7’ × 7’ × 6.5’ (IAC, New York, NY). The stimuli were delivered over circumaural headphones (HD650; Sennheiser, Hanover, Germany) driven by a real-time sound processor (RP2.1, PA5, and HB7; Tucker-Davis Technologies System 3, Alachula, FL).
The experiment was run using custom software in Matlab (The Mathworks, Natick, MA) and conducted in a standard double-walled sound booth with dimensions 7’ × 7’ × 6.5’ (IAC, New York, NY). The stimuli were delivered over circumaural headphones (HD650; Sennheiser, Hanover, Germany) driven by a real-time sound processor (RP2.1, PA5, and HB7; Tucker-Davis Technologies System 3, Alachula, FL).
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