Nicotinamide (NA), streptozotocin (STZ), p-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG), and α-glucosidase were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich®, St. Louis, MO, USA. Rat TNF-α, rat IL-6, and rat IL-1β ELISA kits were purchased from eBioscience (San Diego, CA USA). Rat insulin ELISA kit was purchased from Mercodia AB (Uppsala, Sweden). TBARS, Glutathione, and Glycogen assay kits were purchased from Cayman chemical company (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). All of the other chemicals are analytical grade purchased from Sigma and Merck Chemical Co.
Glutathione (gsh)
Manufactured by Cayman Chemical
Sourced in United States
Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide composed of glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine. It is a common and important antioxidant found in many organisms, including humans, and plays a crucial role in cellular processes.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Tbars, by Cayman Chemical (4 mentions)
Catalase, by Cayman Chemical (2 mentions)
Sod assay kit, by Cayman Chemical (2 mentions)
Rat insulin elisa kit, by Mercodia (1 mentions)
Rat tnf α, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
α glucosidase, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Universal sybr green supermix, by Bio-Rad (1 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Resazurin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Iscript advanced reverse transcriptase kit, by Bio-Rad (1 mentions)
Pcr primers, by Bio-Rad (1 mentions)
Penicillin streptomycin, by Genesee Scientific (1 mentions)
Dulbecco s modified eagle s medium dmem high glucose, by Genesee Scientific (1 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum heat inactivated fbs hi, by Genesee Scientific (1 mentions)
Powerwave xs, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Enzyme activity assay, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Horse serum, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Poly l lysine (pll), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Pc12 cells, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
25 protocols using glutathione (gsh)
1
Diabetes Biomarker Evaluation Protocol
2
Murine BV-2 Microglial Cell Assays
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Murine BV-2 microglial cells were provided by Dr. Elizabetta Blasi [38 (link)]. The Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) high glucose, fetal bovine serum heat inactivated (FBS-HI), and penicillin/streptomycin were obtained from Genesee Scientific (San Diego, CA, USA). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and resazurin were bought from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Catalase (Item # 707002), glutathione (Item # 703002), and superoxide dismutase (Item # 706002) assay kits and HPT (item # 1006084) were obtained from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). PCR arrays (item #10034391), iScript advanced reverse transcriptase kit (item # 1725038), Universal SYBR green supermix (item # 1725261), mouse primer PCR pathway oxidative stress and antioxidative defense arrays (CAT # 10034391), and PCR primers were bought from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA, USA). Each reagent and plate for western analysis were purchased from ProteinSimple (San Jose, CA, USA). Primary antibodies were obtained from Cell Signaling (Danvers, MA, USA).
3
Antioxidant Enzyme Activity Assessment
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Antioxidant enzyme activity in muscle and serums was pre-treated and measured as following the method described by Cayman kit manual (Enzyme activity assay, Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). The muscles and serums were subjected for the assessment of the activity of SOD (Cat #706002, Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), glutathione (Cat #703002, Cayman, Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), and catalase (Cat #707002, Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Microplate reader (Power Wave XS, BIoTeK, Winooski, VT, USA) was used for detecting the absorbance according to the Cayman kit’s manufacture manual.
4
Neuroprotective Effects of Isoquercitrin in PC12 Cells
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PC12 cells were purchased from ATCC (#CRL-1721.1 PC12 ADH, RattusNorvegicus). 6-hydroxydopamine, isoquercitrin, poly-L-Lysine, MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide),3,4 – dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (Levodopa) and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium (DMEM), pen-strep, horse serum, and fetal bovine serum was purchased from GIBCO Inc. (USA). Kits for glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, thiobarbiturate assay, and glutathione were purchased from the Cayman Chemical Company (USA).
5
Assessing Hepatocyte Lipid Metabolism
6
Metabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers Analysis
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Using commercially available diagnostic kits, the levels of serum glucose, insulin, pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), creatinine, urea, total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were measured (Human, Wiesbaden, Germany). Also, using rat ELISA kits, the levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, caspase-3, NO, and PGE-2 were determined according to the provided guidelines (R&D Systems Inc., USA). The physiological lysis buffer was used to homogenize the liver and kidney tissues (1:10, w/v). Diagnostic kits were used to measure the concentrations of TBARS and GSH (Cayman Chemical Co., USA). The enzymatic activity of SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, and GST in post-mitochondria supernatants of hepatic and renal tissues was assessed using assay kits (R&D Systems Inc., USA). TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were also assessed in hepatic and renal-prepared tissue samples using rat ELISA kits according to the provided protocol (R&D Systems Inc., USA).
7
Oxidative Stress Biomarker Analysis
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Bioindicators reflecting oxidative stress, including superoxide dismutase (SOD; Cayman Chemical, Item No. 706002), glutathione peroxidase (GSH; Cayman Chemical Item No. 703102), and malondialdehyde (MDA; Cayman Chemical, Item No. 10009055) were analyzed using commercial assay kits (Cayman Chemical, Michigan, USA). SOD, GSH, and MDA were quantified by measuring absorbance at 450 nm, 340 nm, and 520 nm, respectively.
8
Cytokine and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
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The levels of IL-6, TNF-α, MDA, and GSH were analyzed using commercial ELISA kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions (IL-6: R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA, DY406-05; GSH: Cayman, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 703002; TNF-α: R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA, DY410-05; MDA: BioVision, Waltham, MA, USA, k739-100). The protein levels were confirmed in duplicate and measured using a VICTOR X4 Multimode Plate Reader (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA).
9
Comprehensive Antibody Panel for Autophagy
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Anti-S. pneumoniae (SSI), anti-GFP (Cell Signaling), anti-Myc (9B11, Cell Signaling), anti-Flag (Wako), anti-Galectin-3 (SINO BIOLOGICAL), anti-Calcoco2 (Proteintech for WB), anti-NDP52 (Gene Tex (GTX115378) for IF), anti-K63 linked Ub (clone Apu3, EMD Millipore), anti-LC3, p62, RFP, Atg16L1, ubiquitin (MBL), and anti-actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) were used as primary antibodies. An HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit or anti-mouse antibodies (Jackson Laboratories) were used as secondary antibodies for immunoblotting. FITC- or TRITC-conjugated goat anti-rabbit or anti-mouse IgG antibodies (Sigma-Aldrich) were used as secondary antibodies for immunostaining. DAPI (4′,6-diamidino- 2-phenylindole, Sigma-Aldrich) was used for DNA staining. LysoTracker DND-99 was purchased from molecular probes. 10 µM rapamycin and 40 µM chloroquine (Selleck chemical), and 30 µM PYR-41 (UBPBio), and 10 mM 3-methyladenine (3-MA, Wako) were used as autophagy inducer or inhibitor. 300 µM Apocynin (Selleck), 10 mM GSH (Cayman Chemical), 2.5 mM NAC (Sigma-Aldrich) were used as antioxidative reagents. All other reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All antibodies were used at 1:100 for immunofluorescence staining and 1:1000 for western blotting.
10
Endocannabinoid Receptor Antagonists and Antioxidants
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Endocannabinoids - docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide (DHEA), eicosapentaenoyl Ethanolamide (EPEA) and N-arachidonoyl-L-alanine (NALA), antagonists of CB1 and VR1 (AM251, cay10448), antioxidants (NAC and GSH), and inhibitors of 5-LO (AA861, zileuton and ebselen) were obtained from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI).
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