Body composition in cohort 1 was assessed by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA scan, Hologic Discovery). For study cohort 2, body composition was assessed by air displacement plethysmography (BodPod, COSMED, Inc.) (24 (link)). Maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) was determined in both study cohorts by a graded maximal cycling test until exhaustion via indirect calorimetry (Omnical), as described previously (25 (link)).
Dexa scan
Manufactured by Hologic
Sourced in United States
DEXA scan is a type of lab equipment used to measure bone density. It uses low-dose X-rays to determine the amount of minerals in a person's bones, which can help in the diagnosis and monitoring of conditions such as osteoporosis.
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5 protocols using dexa scan
1
Body Composition and Aerobic Capacity Assessment
2
Anthropometric Measurements and Body Composition
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Height will be measured using a stadiometer (Seca Ltd, Birmingham, UK) with participants barefoot in the Frankfurt plane. Body mass will be measured using digital scales (Tanita, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) with participants barefoot wearing light clothing. Waist and hip circumference will be measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using a non‐elasticated anthropometric tape (Seca, Hamburg, Germany). Waist circumference will be measured at the mid‐way point between the 12th rib and iliac crest. Hip circumference will be measured at the widest point of the buttocks. Sagittal abdominal diameter will be measured at end‐tidal volume with participants lying supine with their hips and knees flexed at 45° using an abdominal calliper (Holtain Ltd, Crymych, UK). A DEXA scan (Hologic, Marlborough, MA, USA) will be performed to determine fat mass and fat free mass. Participants will be positioned in the centre of the table with feet evenly spaced apart and the arms prone.
3
Muscle Protein Synthesis Measurements
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The primary outcome measures for the present study were fractional rates of mixed muscle protein synthesis (FSR), calculated by dividing the increment in enrichment in the product (i.e. muscle protein-bound L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine) by the enrichment of the precursor using the standard precursor-product relationship as previously described [32 (link), 35 ]. For all data used in the present study, the plasma tracer enrichments (mean enrichment, weighted mean enrichment or incremental area under the curve) were selected as the precursor to calculate FSR. L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine enrichments in plasma and mixed muscle protein were determined by GC-MS (Agilent 7890A GC/5975C; MSD, Little Falls, US) as previously described [32 (link), 36 (link)].
For the purposes of subject classification and description, body composition was determined by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan (Hologic Inc., Bedford, USA) as previously described [37 (link)]. Blood samples for each individual were collected, processed and used to analyze plasma glucose, insulin and leucine concentrations, and blood HbA1c levels as described previously [29 (link), 32 (link)].
For the purposes of subject classification and description, body composition was determined by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan (Hologic Inc., Bedford, USA) as previously described [37 (link)]. Blood samples for each individual were collected, processed and used to analyze plasma glucose, insulin and leucine concentrations, and blood HbA1c levels as described previously [29 (link), 32 (link)].
4
Metabolic Profiling of Youth with T2D
5
Bone Density Assessment using DEXA and FRAX
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For assessment of BMD, we used DEXA because it is the most widely used tool for assessment of bone mass and fracture risk in the general population.[16 ]
DEXA scan (manufacturer – Hologic Inc.) was done of the lumbar spine, and distal one-third of radius bone and neck of the femur (hip). T and Z scores were obtained which reflected the number of standard deviations by which a patient’s value differs from the mean of a group of young normal population. The WHO has defined osteoporosis in terms of T-score criteria. Osteopenia was defined as a T score of between −1.0 and −2.5, and osteoporosis as ≤−2.5.
FRAX score: FRAX score was calculated using the tool with the clinical risk factor responses that were recorded as a yes or a no (http://shef.ac.uk/FRAX/tool.jsp ).
DEXA scan (manufacturer – Hologic Inc.) was done of the lumbar spine, and distal one-third of radius bone and neck of the femur (hip). T and Z scores were obtained which reflected the number of standard deviations by which a patient’s value differs from the mean of a group of young normal population. The WHO has defined osteoporosis in terms of T-score criteria. Osteopenia was defined as a T score of between −1.0 and −2.5, and osteoporosis as ≤−2.5.
FRAX score: FRAX score was calculated using the tool with the clinical risk factor responses that were recorded as a yes or a no (
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