Ges 1

Human gastric cancer cell line SNU-216 was provided by Korean Cell Line Bank (Korea). Human gastric epithelial GES-1 cells were purchased from Beijing Institute for Cancer Research (China). SNU-216 and GES-1 cells were both cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, Life Technologies, USA), 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Gibco, Life Technologies), and 1 mM L-glutamine (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Cultures were maintained in a humidified incubator (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) at 37°C with 5% CO₂.
Kaempferol powder was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (catalog number: K0133, USA) and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Thermo Fisher Scientific) to a final storage concentration of 100 mM according to the manufacturer’s instruction. Serum-free DMEM was used to dilute kaempferol solution to 10–100 μM before experiments. The chemical structure of kaempferol is displayed in Figure 1.

The human GC cell lines HGC27 and AGS were purchased from the Cell Bank of Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China), and the human GC cell line MGC803 and human gastric epithelium cell line GES-1 were obtained from the Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province (Xi’an, China). HGC27 and MGC803 cells were cultured in the RPMI 1640 medium (Sigma-Aldrich, WI, USA), AGS cells were maintained in Ham’s/F-12 medium (Procell, Wuhan, China), and GES-1 cells were grown in Eagle’s minimum essential medium (DMEM, Sigma-Aldrich, WI, USA), containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Biological Industries, Israel) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (New Cell & Molecular Biotech, Suzhou, China). All cells were incubated in a water-saturated atmosphere of 5% CO₂ at 37 °C and were collected at the peak of the logarithmic growth phase for experiments.