α amylase

Folin–Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, gallic acid, α‐glucosidase (100 U/mg), α‐amylase (13 U/mg), pepsin (3,000 U/mg), bile salts and trypsin (250 U/mg) were purchased from Shanghai yuanye Bio‐Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·), ascorbic acid, trolox (6‐Hydroxy‐2,5,7,8‐tetramethylchromane‐2‐carboxylic acid), 4‐nitrophenyl‐α‐D‐glucopyranoside (pNPG), dihydrochloride (AAPH), fluorescein sodium salt, and acarbose were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich Chemical Co. All chemicals used were of analytical grade.

Lotus seed starch (Green Field Food Co., Ltd., Fujian, China) was isolated as described previously (8 (link)). Sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) were obtained from China National Pharmaceutical Group Chemical Reagent Co. The α-amylase and glucose amylase for in vitro digestibility studies were provided by Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co.

FBT was purchased from Shaanxi Jingwei Fuzhuan Brick Tea Co., Ltd. (Shaanxi Jingwei Fuzhuan Brick Tea Co., Ltd., Xianyang, China). DEAE-cellulose DEAE-52 (3 cm × 12 cm, 0.45 μm), cellulase, papain, α-glucosidase (≥700,000 U/mL), acarbos (95%), PNPD, α-amylase (50 U/mg), Sephadex G-200 (Φ20 × 600 mm), and microporous membranes were obtained from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). DMEM high-glucose medium, penicillin–streptomycin, and trypsin-EDTA were obtained from Bioengineering Co., Ltd. (Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). Oil Red O staining solution and blue cell viability dye were obtained from Suolaibao Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Suolaibao Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). Anti-β-actin, anti-SREBP-lc, anti-FAS, anti-AMPK, and anti-P-AMPK were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Cell Signaling Technology, Boston, MA, USA). All other reagents were of analytical grade and were obtained from Tianli Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Tianli Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China).

Alcalase 2.4L (2.4 AU-A/g) from Bacillus licheniformis was procured from Nanjing Chengna Chemical Company Limited (Nanjing, PR China), bromelain (300 U/mg) from pineapple, Flavourzyme (20 U/mg) from Aspergillus oryzae, trypsin (250 USP U/mg) from bovine pancreas, α-amylase (50 U/mg) from Bacilus subtilis, α-glucosidase (50 U/mg) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, p-nitrophenyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (pNPG, ≥99%), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT, ≥99%), acarbose (≥98%), RPMI 1640 medium and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) were procured from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Company Limited (Shanghai, PR China). HT-29 cell was purchased from the Cell Bank of Type Culture Collection of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, PR China). All other used reagents were of high purity and analytical grade.

Pacific salmon bones were obtained from Dalian Rich Foods Co., Ltd. (Liaoning, China). The peptide IEELEEELEAER(PIE), with a purity of 94.74% was synthesized at ChinaPeptides CO., Ltd. (QYAOBIO) in Shanghai, China. α-Amylase was obtained from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Penicillin–streptomycin (PS) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from GIBCO (New York, USA). Formic acid was of mass spectrometry grade. Liquid chromatography-grade acetonitrile (ACN) was bought from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).