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Venlafaxine hydrochloride

Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States

Venlafaxine hydrochloride is a pharmaceutical compound used as a laboratory standard. It is a white to off-white crystalline powder with a molecular formula of C₁₇H₂₇NO₂·HCl. The compound is soluble in water and organic solvents.

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10 protocols using venlafaxine hydrochloride

1

Quantifying Desvenlafaxine in Pharmaceutical Formulations

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All used chemicals were of extra-pure analytical reagent grades. High molecular weight poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), methacrylic acis (MAA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), single-walled carbon nano tubes (SWCNTs), venlafaxine hydrochloride, desvenlafaxine hydrochloride (ODV.HCl) and 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (o-NPOE) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo, USA). Tetrahydrofuran (THF), benzoyl peroxide (BPO), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methanol were obtained from Fluka AG (Buchs, Switzerland). The different dosage forms were collected from local pharmacies, which are commercially expressed as Pristiq (76 and 152 mg/tablet) for ODV.
The reference method was the reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method for the quantification of desvenlafaxine [6 (link)]. A total of 20 μL of the sample was injected into a column C18 (5 μm, 250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.). The amount of ODV was determined using a UV detector operated at a wavelength of 228 nm
Stock solutions of 10−2 M desvenlafaxine hydrochloride were prepared by dissolving 0.38 g of the salt drug in 100 mL of double distilled water. Serial dilutions occurred to obtain different concentrations of the drug (10−2–10−7 M), using 10 mM phosphate buffer at pH 6.0. All solutions were kept at 4 °C.
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2

Neurotransmitter Uptake Assay Protocol

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3H-norepinephrine, 20 Ci/mmol, 3H-serotonin, 80 Ci/mmol, and 3H-dopamine, 60 Ci/mmol were purchased from American Radiolabeled Chemicals, Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dopamine hydrochloride, norepinephrine hydrochloride, serotonin hydrochloride, sodium L-ascorbate, paroxetine hydrochloride, venlafaxine hydrochloride, nisoxetine hydrochloride, GBR 12935 dihydrochloride, decynium-22 and hydrocortisone were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Tri Reagent solution was obtained from the Molecular Research Centre (Cincinnati, OH, USA). Bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA assay) reagents were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Rockford, MA, USA). All other chemicals were of analytical grade.
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3

Radioligand Binding Assay Protocol

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[3H]5-hydroxytryptamine ([3H]5-HT), 80 Ci mmol−1 and [3H]dihydroalprenolol, levo-[propyl-1,2,3–3H] hydrochloride, 80 Ci mmol−1 were purchased from American Radiolabeled Chemicals, Inc. Unlabeled serotonin hydrochloride, L-tryptophan, paroxetine hydrochloride, citalopram hydrobromide, venlafaxine hydrochloride, cimetidine hydrochloride, reserpine, corticosterone, cortisol and phenelzine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All other chemicals were of analytical grade. Bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA assay) reagents were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Tri Reagent solution was obtained from the Molecular Research Centre.
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4

Assessment of Antidepressant Drug Effects

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Ham’s F-12K medium (F-12K), sertraline hydrochloride, paroxetine hydrochloride, duloxetine hydrochloride, fluvoxamine maleate, and mirtazapine were obtained from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Escitalopram oxalate, venlafaxine hydrochloride, and 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Apotracker Green (Apo-15) and Calcein Red-acetoxymethyl ester (Calcein Red-AM) were purchased from BioLegend, Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA). All other chemicals used in the study were of the highest purity available. The 96-well plates were obtained from Corning (Corning, NY, USA).
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5

Neurotransmitter Binding Assay

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3H-serotonin (80 Ci/mmol), 3H-norepinephrine (20 Ci/mmol), and 3H-dopamine (60 Ci/mmol) were purchased from M.G.P. (Zlín, Czech Republic). Forskolin was obtained from Scintila, s.r.o. (Jihlava, CZ). Paroxetine hydrochloride, citalopram hydrobromide, sertraline hydrochloride, fluoxetine hydrochloride, fluvoxamine maleate, venlafaxine hydrochloride, phenelzine sulfate salt, entacapone, GBR 12935 dihydrochloride, nisoxetine hydrochloride, hydrocortisone, and decynium-22 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). Pierce™ BCA Protein Assay Kit was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, United States). All other chemicals were of analytical grade.
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6

Multianalyte LC-MS/MS Quantification Protocol

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All reference standards (> 98% purity): azithromycin dehydrate (AZT), carbamazepine (CBZ), diclofenac sodium (DCF), fluoxetine hydrochloride (FLX), venlafaxine hydrochloride (VFX), acetaminophen (ACET), dexamethasone crystalline (DEXA), and ibuprofen (IBU), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinhein, Germany). The respective deuterated compounds used as internal standards (azithromycin-d3, diclofenac-d4, fluoxetine-d5, ibuprofen-d3, carbamazepine-d10, venlafaxine-d6; >98% purity) were also obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinhein, Germany). Stock solutions of each reference and internal standard (ca. 1000 µg mL−1) were prepared in Methanol. A working solution containing all reference analytes (1.0 µg mL−1), and another containing all the internal standards (5.0 µg mL−1), were prepared by dilution of the individual stock solutions in Methanol.
Methanol (MeOH, ≥ 99.9% purity), ethyl acetate (EtAc, ≥ 99.9% purity) and formic acid (≥ 96% purity) were purchased from Merck (Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA). Acetonitrile MS grade was acquired from VWR International (Oregon, USA). Ultrapure water (resistivity > 18.2 MΩ cm at 25 °C) was supplied by a Milli-Q water system from Millipore (Massachusetts, USA).
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7

Neurotransmitter Receptor Binding Assay

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GBR12909 dihydrochloride was purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). Venlafaxine hydrochloride and dopamine were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co (St. Louis, MO, USA). [3H]-DA, [3H]-5-HT, and [3H]-sulpiride were purchased from PerkinElmer Life Sciences (Waltham, MA, USA). Human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA) and maintained in minimal essential medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin.
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8

Molecular Mechanisms of Neuropsychiatric Drugs

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Amitriptyline hydrochloride, BIM, citalopram hydrobromide, clomipramine hydrochloride, Di-4-ANEPPS, diazepam (dissolved in DMSO to a 100 mM stock solution, ≤0.001% final DMSO), DMSO, fluoxetine hydrochloride, fluvoxamine maleate, haloperidol (dissolved in DMSO to a 100 mM stock solution, ≤0.02% final DMSO), S-(+)-ketamine hydrochloride, LiCl, tranylcypromine hydrochloride, venlafaxine hydrochloride, and all salts for the saline solutions were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. ANA-12 and tianeptine sodium salt were from Tocris, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) from Biomol, and isoflurane from Abbott.
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9

Radioligand Binding Assay Protocol

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[3H]5-hydroxytryptamine ([3H]5-HT), 80 Ci/mmol; [3H]dihydroalprenolol, levo-[propyl-1,2,3-3H] hydrochloride, 80 Ci/mmol; [3H]paroxetine 20 Ci/mmol; [3H]sertraline, 80 Ci/mmol, and [3H]citalopram, 70 Ci/mmol were purchased from American Radiolabeled Chemicals, Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Unlabeled 5-HT hydrochloride, paroxetine hydrochloride, citalopram hydrobromide, sertraline hydrochloride, fluoxetine hydrochloride, fluvoxamine maleate, and venlafaxine hydrochloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA assay) reagents were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Rockford, MA, USA) and Tri Reagent solution was obtained from the Molecular Research Centre (Cincinnati, OH, USA). All other chemicals were of analytical grade.
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10

Exposure of Fish Eggs to Antidepressants

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FLX and VEN concentrations were chosen to approximate surface water concentrations measured off the coast where the eggs where sampled (Minguez et al. 2016) (link). Final concentrations of either 2.5 or 5 ng•L -1 were obtained from stock solutions of fluoxetine hydrochloride (CAS 56296-78-7, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) or venlafaxine hydrochloride (CAS 99300-78-4, Sigma Aldrich) dissolved in filtered distilled water. Stock solutions were at 10 µg•L -1 of FLX and VEN, respectively, portioned in small aliquots of 0.5, 1 and 2 mL and kept at -80°C until use.
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