Fluo 4 am

Digoxin, doxorubin, 1,1-dioctadecyl-3,3,3,3-tetramethylindotricarbocyaineiodide (DiR), Fluo-4 AM, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and 4ʹ,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) were purchased from Dalian Meilun Biotech Co., Ltd. (Dalian, China). Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Assay Kit and Hoechst 33342 from Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Cell culture reagents were bought from Gibco. All other agents and solvents were of analytical standard grade.

Fluorescent (Ex 620, Em 680 nm) polystyrene nanoparticles (PS) with a theoretical diameter of 100 nm were purchased from Tianjin BaseLine ChromTech Research Centre (Tianjin, China). Streptozotocin (STZ) and Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) were purchased from Solarbio Life Sciences (Beijing, China). TNBS (2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid), amiloride, chlorpromazine, and lovastatin were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Glycine sarcosine (Gly-Sar) was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Led. (Tokyo, Japan). Ezetimibe was purchased from Huaxia Chemical Reagents Co., Ltd (Chengdu, China). BCA protein assay kit, LDH assay kit, Reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay kit, 3,3′-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate (DiO), 4ʹ,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), Lyso-Tracker Green, ER-Tracker Green, Golgi-Tracker Green were purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). Fluo-4 AM was purchased from Meilun Biotechnology (Dalian, China). Rabbit anti-rab5, mouse anti-rab7, rabbit anti-rab11, rabbit anti-claudin-1, and Alexa Fluor 488 labeled goat anti-rabbit/mouse IgG were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Anti-VAMP8 antibody and anti-Annexin A2 antibody were purchased from HUABIO (Hangzhou, China). All other chemical reagents in this study were analytic grade.