PEDOT:PSS particles dispersed in water. The open-source software, Fiji, was used
to calculate surfaces areas of all PEDOT:PSS particles in 7 samples of the same
PEDOT:PSS particle dispersion, totaling 451 particles. Only particles larger
than 1 μm were measured, as smaller sizes were difficult to resolve with
optical microscopy and can also be assumed to safely pass through any standard
gauge needle. The equivalent circular diameter (ECD) was calculated for each
particle by assuming that each irregularly shaped particle can be represented as
a circle of the same surface area. Scanning electron microscopy was performed on
lyophilized samples using a FEI Magellan 400 XHR Scanning Electron Microscope.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was performed on dried samples using a PHI
Versaprobe III Scanning XPS Microprobe.