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8 protocols using p anisic acid

1

HPLC-DAD Analysis of Phytochemicals

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Solvents for the HPLC-DAD analyses were of analytical grade and were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Water was purified by a Milli-Q Plus system from Millipore (Milford, MA, USA). The following commercial compounds were used as standards: Gallic acid, pyrogallol, 4-hydroxy benzhydrazide, epigallocatechin, vanillic acid, (+)-catechin hydrate, syringic acid, phloroglucinol, p-anisic acid, dexamethasone, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, naringin, 2-amino-3,4-dimethyl benzoic acid, coumarin, morin hydrate, luteolin, hesperetin, alizarin, biotin, trans-chalcone, rutin hydrate, myricetin, quercetin, rhein, 3-hydroxyflavone, and emodin were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Co. Catechin gallate and protocatechuic acid were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotech (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). All other chemicals were analytical grade.
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2

Synthesis of Alkyl Aromatic Compounds

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All air and moisture sensitive reactions were carried out using dry solvents and under a static atmosphere of nitrogen. All solvents and reagents were of commercial quality and were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). p-Anisic acid (9), vanillic acid (10), veratric acid (11), 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid (13), p-anisaldehyde (2), vanillin (3), veratric aldehyde (4), piperonal (5), casein peptone, peptone from soybean, yeast extract, meat extract, malt extract, sucrose, maltose, glucose, Amberlite® XAD1180N (20–60 mesh) and Na2SO4 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
Piperonylic acid (12) was obtained by oxidation of piperonal (5) using silver oxide as oxidant (Pearl 1950 (link)). p-Anisyl alcohol (14), vanillyl alcohol (15), veratryl alcohol (16) and piperonyl alcohol (17) were prepared by NaBH4 reduction of the corresponding aldehydes. 3,4,5-Trimetoxybenzaldehyde (6) was obtained through MnO2 oxidation of 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl alcohol (18), which in turn was obtained by LiAlH4 reduction of 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid (13).
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3

Synthesis and Characterization of PEGylated PLGA Nanoparticles

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tBOC-PEG3500-NH2·HCl and mPEG3000-NH2·HCl were ordered from JenKem Technology USA, Inc. (Allen, TX). Acid-terminated PLGA (lactide/glycolide (50:50)) was purchased from DURECT Corporation (Pelham, AL). Cisplatin was purchased from Acros Organics (Fair Lawn, NJ). RAPA was purchased from ChemieTek (Indianapolis, IN). Hexanol, Triton X-100, cyclohexane, p-anisic acid, 1-ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide (EDC), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). DOPA was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL). 3H-Labeled paclitaxel[o-benzamido-3H(N)] and 14C-labeled stearic acid were purchased from Moravek Biochemicals and Radiochemicals (Brea, CA).
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4

Quantification of Polyphenol Standards

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Commercial standards of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride, delphindin-3-O-glucoside chloride, malvidin-3-O-glucoside chloride, gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, ethyl gallate, taxifolin, chlorogenic acid, hippuric acid, 3-hydroxyhippuric acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, isovanillin, p-anisic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid, 3-methoxyphenylacetic acid, isovanillic acid, homovanillic acid, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenylpropionic acid, syringic acid, quercetin, myricetin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid, catechin, epicatechin, 4-methoxyquercetin, and quercetin-3-O-glucoside as well as sodium carbonate and Folin and Ciocalteu’s reagent (2N) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). caffeic acid glucuronide was supplied by Synthose (Concord, Ontario, Canada). LC-MS grade solvents, including methanol, water, ACN, and formic acid as well as trace metal grade concentrated nitric acid were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). 45Ca was purchased from PerkinElmer (Waltham, MA, USA). EcoLite (+) scintillation cocktail was purchased from MP Biomedicals (Santa Ana, CA, USA).
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5

Enzymatic Glucose Oxidation Protocol

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Glucose oxidase type VII from Aspergillus niger, glucose, p-methoxybenzyl alcohol and p-anisic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
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6

Quantitative Analysis of Phytochemicals in FLJWE

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We spectrophotometrically examined the concentrations of total flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the FLJWE following a previous method 9 (link),11 (link). Phenolic acid compounds, namely gallic acid, gentisic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, syringic acid, p-anisic acid, and rosmarinic acid, and flavonoid standards, namely those of catechin, rutein, quercitrin, luteolin, rosmaric acid, neohesperidin, hesperidin, morin, eriodictyol, daidzein, glycitrin, quercetin, diosmin, naringenin, genistein, nesperetin, apigenin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin, were purchased from Sigma. The aforementioned phenolic acids and flavonoid compounds in the FLJWE were identified through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) based on UV absorbance and retention time and quantified using the standard curves of authentic compounds.
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7

HPLC Quantification of p-Anisic Acid in Extracts

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The extracts were analyzed in Agilent 1200 Series liquid chromatography equipped with a U.V. detector. The separation was carried out in a C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm × 5 μm). The mobile phase used a binary system consisting of water (A) and acetonitrile (B), both with 2% acetic acid, in gradient mode of 80–20% of B in 30 min, with a 1.0 mL·min−1 flow. The injected sample volume was 5 μL and the detector was set at 258 nm. The content of p-anisic acid in the extracts was evaluated with a calibration curve (R² = 0.9986) containing 0.6, 0.45, 0.3, 0.15, and 0.06 mg·mL−1 of standard p-anisic acid (99% purity, Sigma Aldrich). The extracts were diluted in acetonitrile at 10 mg·mL−1 for their analysis by HPLC.
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8

Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis and Characterization

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Cinnamic acid, 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyCinnamic acid, 3-(4-hydroxphenylpropionic) acid, p-anisic acid and 6-maleimidocaproic acid were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Dorset, UK). 9-fluorenylmethoxy carbonyl (Fmoc) L-amino acids, Rink amide 4-(2',4'-dimethoxyphenyl-Fmoc-aminomethyl)-phenoxyacetamido-MHBA (MHBA) resin and 2-(1H-benzotriazole-1yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU) were obtained from Merck Chemicals Ltd (Nottingham, UK). All other reagents were peptide synthesis grade. Peptides were synthesised via standard Fmoc solid phase protocols using a CEM Liberty microwave enhanced automated peptide synthesiser (1 mmol scale) and are outlined in Figure 1. Peptides were cleaved from the resin by a mixture of 95% trifluroacetic acid (TFA), 2.5% trisopropylsilane and 2.5% thioanisole (2 hours, room temperature). The identity of each peptide was confirmed via mass spectroscopy (Finnigan LCQ Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer).
Peptide purity was analysed via reverse-phase HPLC using an Agilent 1260 Infinity system, fitted with a Gemini C18, 250 mm × 4.6 mm column, a 2-60% acetonitrile gradient [30 min] in 0.05% TFA water at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. All peptides were found to have >90% purity.
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