Leo 1455 vp sem

After the irradiation of all specimens under strict dose calculations (Figure 2), all specimens were analyzed in vitro by elementary analysis with an EA 1110® elementary analyzer (CE instruments Co., Milan, Italy) using cold field emission. To observe the changed ultra-structures and to detect their elementary components, a Leo1455VP-SEM® (Carl Zeiss Inc., Aalen, Germany) scanning electron microscope (SEM), and S-4200® (Hitachi Co., Tokyo, Japan) field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) were also used. For the analysis of the molecular changes after EBI, 8D advance® (Bruker Co., Berlin, Germany) X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed. The three-dimensional changes on the surfaces of the specimen were evaluated with a LSM 5 Pascal® (Carl Zeiss Inc., Aalen, Germany) confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM).Figure 2

Basic study designs showing the electron beam irradiated bone materials, according to their origin, energy, and radiation dose.

An LEO-1455VP SEM instrument was used to perform SEM analyses (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) and EDX analyses (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). The voltage was increased to up to 20 kV in order to examine the composition and crystal properties of the adsorbent. The size of the coherent scattering region of the particles was calculated using empirical data and the Debye–Scherrer equation [70 ]:
where D represents the particle diameter, β expresses the diffraction peak width at half maximum, θ shows the diffraction angle for the peak, and λ is 0.1540 nm.
Room temperature magnetic analyses were performed using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM, Meghnatis Daghigh Kavir, Kashan, Iran). UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectra were attained using a Shimadzu UV-2550 instrument (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan). The FTIR spectra were collected between 400 cm⁻¹ and 4000 cm⁻¹ with a Nicolet-Impact 400D instrument and KBr bromide pellets. An SZ-100z Dynamic Light Scattering and Zeta Potential Analyzer (Horiba Jobin Yvon, Horiba, Kyoto, Japan ) was used to measure the zeta potential of the prepared nanocomposite.