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6 protocols using potassium bicarbonate

1

Phycocyanin Extraction from Spirulina Residue

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After extracting phycocyanin, Spirulina residue was collected from the East Algae Factory in Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China. The way of phycocyanin extraction provided by the factory was as follows: 50 kg Spirulina dry algae powder was added into 1200 kg water. During the dissolution, the temperature was controlled below 18 °C with additions of 20–30 kg calcium chloride, 3–5 kg citric acid, and 20 mL sodium hypochlorite. The mixture was first stirred for 3–5 h and maintained for 8 h, then 15–20 kg of disodium hydrogen phosphate was added and stirred for another 12 h to yield phycocyanin and Spirulina residues. Sulfathiazole (STZ, 98%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, ≥ 98%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%), sodium chloride (NaCl, ≥ 99.5%), and potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3, 99.5%) were acquired from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China).
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2

Au Electrochemical Reduction and SEIRAS

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Materials: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 97%), ammonium chloride (NH4Cl, 99.5%), sodium sulfite (Na2SO3, 98%), sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate (Na2S2O3 5H2O, 99.99%) and hydrofluoric acid (HF, 40%) were purchased from Aladdin. Nitric acid (HNO3, 65%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 36%), potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3, 99.5%), and ethanol (99.7%) were purchased from Sinopharm. Sodium tetrachloroaurate(III) dihydrate (NaAuCl4 2H2O, 98%) was purchased from Bidepharm. Nafion solution and ammonium fluoride (NH4F, 98%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Ag/AgCl reference electrode and Pt wire electrode were purchased from CH Instruments. Deionized water (DIW) was obtained from a distillation apparatus. All the electrochemical experiments were conducted with a VersaSTAT 3 F electrochemical workstation and the SEIRAS spectra were collected by Nicolet iS50 FT-IR.
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3

Poplar Leaf Extraction and Analysis

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Poplar leaves were collected in the campus of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences. Potassium bicarbonate, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, potassium carbonate, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, copper nitrate, and iron nitrate were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Nitrogen was purchased from Taian Yingchun Gas Co., Ltd. (Taian, China). Oxytetracycline hydrochloride was purchased from Beijing InnoChem Science and Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). All purchased reagents were used without further purification.
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4

Synthesis of Transition Metal Catalysts

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Anhydrous manganese chloride (99.99%), cobalt nitrate hexahydrate (>99%), cobalt chloride hexahydrate (99.9%), potassium bicarbonate (99%), hydrochloric acid (grade), ethanol (A. R. grade) and urea (99%) were provided by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Manganese bromide hydrate (98%), manganese nitrate tetrahydrate (>98%), Iron chloride (99%), Iron nitrate nonahydrate (99%), ethylenediamine (EDA) (99.5%), potassium iodide (99%), citric acid (99.5%), Nafion D-521 dispersion (5% w/w in water and 1-propanol, ≥0.92 meg/g exchange capacity), Nafion N-117 membrane (0.180 mm thick, ≥0.90 meg/g exchange capacity) and Toray Carbon Paper (CP, TGP-H-60, 19 × 19 cm) were purchased from Alfa Aesar China Co., Ltd. CO2 (>99.999%) was provided by Beijing Analysis Instrument Factory.
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5

Copper Electrochemical Synthesis Protocol

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Copper(II) chloride dihydrate (CuCl2·2H2O, AR), copper (II) nitrate, trihydrate (Cu(NO3)2·3H2O, AR), potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3, AR), potassium hydroxide (KOH, AR), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, AR), ammonia (NH3·H2O, 25.0–28.0%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, CP, 36%–38%), isopropanol, methanol, and acetone were all purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). 1H-1,2,3-Benzotriazole (1H-BTA) (C6H5N3) was purchased from J&K Scientific. Copper(II) hydroxide (Cu(OH)2), copper(II) phthalocyanine (CuPc), 3-(trimethylsilyl)−1-propanesulfonic acid sodium salt (DSS), (dimethyl sulfoxide)-d6 (DMSO-d6), and Nafion solution (~5 wt.%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Proton exchange membrane (Nafion 115) was purchased from Dupont. Anion exchange membrane (Sustainion x37-50-grade-60) was purchased from Dioxide Materials. Titanium gauze (100 mesh) and iridium(III) chloride hydrate (IrCl3·3H2O) were obtained from Alfa Aesar. Carbon paper-based gas diffusion layers (GDLs, Sigracet 29 BC) were purchased from the Fuel Cell Store. Ultrapure Millipore water (resistivity 18.2 MΩ cm) was used for all experiments. All the chemicals were used without further purification.
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6

Synthesis and Application of Natural Manganese Sand

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Natural manganese sand was purchased from Henan Yuanrun water treatment materials Co. Ltd; Potassium monopersulfate triple salt(2KHSO Ltd. Potassium bicarbonate (KHCO 3 ), potassium chloride (KCl), potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ), potassium phosphate (K 2 HPO 4 ),humic acid (HA), potassium sulphate (K 2 SO 4 ) tert-Butanol alcohol (TBA), methanol (MeOH) and 1,4-Benzoquinone (PBQ) were acquired from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China). All the chemicals were analytical grade and used without other puri cation.
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