Sc 133225

Piceatannol was purchased from Future Chem (Seoul, Korea). Anti-alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA; 1:1000, sc-130617), anti-CTGF (1:1000, sc-14939), anti-HDAC3 (1:1000, sc-11417), anti-HDAC4 (1:1000, sc-11418), anti-HDAC5 (1:1000, sc-133225), anti-TGF-β1 (1:1000, sc-146), anti-JNK (1:1000, sc-7345), anti-ERK1 (1:1000, sc-271269), and anti-GAPDH (1:1000, sc-32233) antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). Primary antibodies against collagen type I (1:1000, ab34710), HDAC2 (1:1000, ab12169), HDAC8 (1:1000, ab137474), and HDAC10 (1:1000, ab53096) were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). Anti-fibronectin antibody (1:1000, MA5-11981) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Anti-HDAC1 antibody (1:1000, 06–720) was purchased from Merck Millipore (Darmstadt, Germany). Anti-HDAC6 (1:1000, 7612), anti-Smad3 (1:1000, 9523), anti-Smad2 (1:1000, 3103), anti-Smad4 (1:1000, 9515), anti-p-Smad3 (1:1000, 9520), anti-p-JNK (1:1000, 9251), anti-p-p38 (1:1000, 4511), anti-p-ERK1/2 (1:1000, 4370), and anti-p38 (1:1000, 8690) antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA).

Tissues and organoids were fixed with 10% neutral‐buffered formalin (Sigma–Aldrich) at room temperature for 24 h or 0.5 h, respectively. The paraffin embedding was performed as follows: samples went through a graded‐ethanol series, xyleneand then paraffin. The embedded samples were cut into 5 μm and prepared for H&E and immunohistological (IHC) staining according to a standard protocol. For IHC, primary antibodies against CK7 (NBP2‐44814, Novus Biologicals, 1:50), histone deacetylase (HDAC1) (sc‐81598, Santa Cruz, 1:50), HDAC2 (ab32117, Abcam, 1:100), HDAC3 (ab32117, Abcam, 1:100), HDAC4 (sc‐46672, Santa Cruz, 1:50), HDAC5 (sc‐133225, Santa Cruz, 1:50), HDAC6 (ab133493, Abcam, 1:100), cleaved‐Caspase3 (CST‐9579, Cell Signaling Technology, 1:100), Ki‐67 (CST‐12202, Cell Signaling Technology, 1:100), acetyl‐Histone H3 (Lys18) (CST‐131998, Cell Signaling Technology, 1:100) and p‐AKT (CST‐4060, Cell Signaling Technology, 1:100) were used.