Spss statistics software version 27

Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics software version 27.0. The significance level was set at a P value of .05. t tests for independent samples were used to examine WTP. A Pearson correlation was conducted to examine the relationship between the tendency to use apps and the WTP depending on price. Spearman correlations were conducted to examine the relationship between the amount the participant is willing to pay for an app with optimal functions and the tendency to use the apps and WTP according to the app features. All independent variables were included in the enter regression test.

We a priori estimated the necessary sample size (t-test, point biserial correlation model) for a power of 0.95 (estimated effect size ρ = 0.15, α = 0.05). The total necessary sample size was calculated to be n = 472 (G*Power 3.1.9.7, Kiel, Germany). We tested for normal distribution of continuous variables with the Anderson–Darling test. Continuous variables were tested with Student’s two-tailed t-test and the Mann–Whitney test. Categorial variables were analyzed with the Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test. Group differences in CRP kinetics were assessed with multiple t-tests, adjusted for multiple testing by the Holm–Sidak method.
Overall, mean ± standard deviation was calculated. Statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad Prism 9.00 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA), SPSS Statistics software version 27.0 (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and R 4.0.5 (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). For the PCA analysis, the package PCAtools (2.4.0) was used. For the graphical summary of CRP kinetics, the packages ggplot2 (3.3.5), reshape2 (1.4.4) and tidyverse (1.3.1) were used. Significant differences are marked with asterisks (**** p ˂ 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05).

For the side-, age- and gender-specific analyses of HO, GO, LGHO, HAO and CO, a Mann–Whitney U test was used. The Mann–Whitney U test was implemented in order to compare the SJH and SJD groups for all the assessed OPs. In order to detect the possible interrelationships between the different OPs and the patients’ age, a Spearman correlation was set. Intraobserver and interobserver reliabilities were evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Overall, the means ± standard deviations are stated. The statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 9.00 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA), SPSS Statistics software version 27.0 (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Office 2016, Redmond, WA, USA). Significant differences are marked with asterisks (*** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05).

For side-, age- and gender-specific analyses of ACO_med, ACO_lat, PCO_med, PCO_lat, LMC, LLC and LMC/LLC, a Mann–Whitney U test was used because data were not parametric. Likewise, a Mann–Whitney U test was implemented for the comparison of patients without and with osteoarthritis for all assessed parameters. Intra- and interobserver reliabilities were evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Overall, mean ± standard deviation is stated. Statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad Prism 9.00 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA), SPSS Statistics software version 27.0 (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Office 2016, Redmond, WA, USA). Significant differences are marked with asterisks (*** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05).

For the statistical comparison of TSK and TSH, the Mann–Whitney U test was used. The analysis was performed separately for the medial and lateral articular surfaces between the TSK and TSH. To investigate possible differences between the medial and lateral knee-joint sections, for each TSK and TSH, a paired t-test was established. For side- and gender-specific analyses of TSK_med, TSK_lat, TSH_med and TSH_lat, the Mann–Whitney U test was used. Likewise, the Mann–Whitney U test was implemented for comparison of HKJ and PKJ for all assessed TS parameters. In order to detect possible inter-relationships between the different TS parameters and patient age, a Spearman correlation was set. Overall, mean ± standard deviation is stated. Statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad Prism 9.00 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, USA), SPSS Statistics software version 27.0 (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Office 2016, Redmond, USA). Significant differences are marked with asterisks (*** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05).

Data are reported as means ± standard error (SE). Student’s paired t test was used to assess differences within groups (baseline and 2-year intervention) with the Kruskall–Wallis test applied for examining differences between the groups. IBM SPSS statistics software version 27.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for the statistical analyses. All reported p values were based on 2-tailed statistical tests, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Correlation analyses were performed between changes in the weight loss and VO₂max, levels of adiponectin and leptin, citrate synthase activity, Bennett index, McAuley index and HOMA-IR using the Pearson correlation test. The strength of association according to the Pearson correlation coefficient was considered as weak (0.1–0.39), moderate (0.40–0.69), strong (0.7–0.89) or very strong (0.9–1.00). Cohen D was used to determine the effect size for a statistically significant difference within groups and between groups by estimating eta squared based on the H-statistic (eta²[H] = (H − k + 1)/(n − k). The effect size is assessed as follows; small (d = 0.2), medium (d = 0.5) and large (d ≥ 0.8) based on Cohen D; eta squared (η²) is evaluated as follows; small (0.01–<0.06), moderate effect (0.06–<0.14 and large effect (≥0.14)

Statistical analyses were performed with GraphPad Prism 9.2.0 (Insight Partners, New York, NY, USA) or IBM SPSS Statistics software, version 27.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) using Student’s t-test, repeated measures ANOVA, or two-way ANOVA with Šidák’s-corrected posthoc tests. Statistical significance was assumed at p < 0.05. All data are shown as mean ± SEM. Significant outliers were detected and excluded from the analysis using the GraphPad outlier test.