Commercial standards of caffeic, ferulic, p-coumaric, chlorogenic, gallic, protocatechuic and vanillic acids (Sigma-Aldrich, Toluca, México) and a stable free radical, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), were used for all experiments.
Protocatechuic
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Canada
Protocatechuic is a chemical compound that can be used as a laboratory reagent. It is a naturally occurring phenolic compound. The core function of Protocatechuic is as a chemical standard and analytical tool for various scientific applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
P coumaric, by Merck Group (22 mentions)
Gallic, by Merck Group (21 mentions)
Caffeic, by Merck Group (19 mentions)
Vanillic, by Merck Group (16 mentions)
Syringic, by Merck Group (16 mentions)
Ferulic, by Merck Group (15 mentions)
Chlorogenic, by Merck Group (12 mentions)
Catechin, by Merck Group (10 mentions)
Rutin, by Merck Group (10 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (10 mentions)
P hydroxybenzoic, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Epicatechin, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
O coumaric, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Kaempferol, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Sodium carbonate, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Formic acid, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Sinapic, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Trolox, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Gentisic, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
34 protocols using protocatechuic
1
Antioxidant Standards Characterization
2
Comprehensive Phytochemical Analysis Protocol
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Trifluoracetic acid, acetonitrile, methanol, and ethanol were provided from Penta (Prague, Czech Republic). α-Amylase and neutral detergent solution package (containing sodium lauryl sulphate, EDTA disodium, sodium borate, sodium phosphate dibasic together with triethylene glycol) were purchased from Ankom Technology (Macedon, NY, USA). Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, AlCl3·6H2O were purchased from Penta (Prague, Czech Republic). The substance 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and standard 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (trolox) were provided from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MI, USA). Phenolic and sugar standards were as follows: Epigallocatechin, catechin, epicatechin, rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, neochlorogenic, chlorogenic, gallic, protocatechuic, p‑hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, caffeic, syringic, p-coumaric, ferulic, sinapic, ellagic, o-coumaric, cinnamic acids and protocatechuic acid ethyl ester; D(+)-maltose, D(+)-glucose, D(−)-fructose, D(+)-rhamnose, D(+)-xylose, D(+)-saccharose, all were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MI, USA). All standards and solvents used in this study were of HPLC-grade (purity ≥ 98.5–99.0%). Total dietary fiber and resistant starch assay kits were provided from Megazyme International Ireland Ltd. (Wicklow, Ireland).
3
Antioxidant Capacity Measurement Protocol
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Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (95%) (DPPH), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (97%) (Trolox), sodium carbonate (≥ 99.5%), vanillin (99%), aluminium chloride (99%), sodium nitrite (≥ 99%), (+)-catechin hydrate (>98%), methanol (≥ 99.9%), formic acid (98–100%), and hydrochloric acid (fuming 37%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Milano, Italy).
All standards for phenolic and organic acids, including chlorogenic, protocatechuic, quercetin-3-glucoside, p-coumaric acids, and caffeic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milano, Italy). Ethanol (≥ 70% and ≥ 99.9%), gallic acid, epicatechin, and sodium hydroxide (1 M) were obtained from Fluka (Milano, Italy). All chemicals were of reagent or HPLC grade, and ultra-pure water was produced using a Milli-Q System (Millipore, Milano, Italy).
All standards for phenolic and organic acids, including chlorogenic, protocatechuic, quercetin-3-glucoside, p-coumaric acids, and caffeic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milano, Italy). Ethanol (≥ 70% and ≥ 99.9%), gallic acid, epicatechin, and sodium hydroxide (1 M) were obtained from Fluka (Milano, Italy). All chemicals were of reagent or HPLC grade, and ultra-pure water was produced using a Milli-Q System (Millipore, Milano, Italy).
4
Phytochemical Standards and Analytical Reagents
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Methanol, sodium hydroxide, formic acid, acetonitrile, hydrochloride acid, sodium carbonate, ferric chloride hexahydrate, potassium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, and Folin–Ciocalteu reagent were supplied by Panreac Química SLU (Barcelona, Spain). Pure phytochemical standards (≥96%), including gallic, caffeic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric, protocatechuic, and vanillic acids, rutin and quercetin, and caffeine, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and extrasynthese (Genay, France). 6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), potassium persulfate, 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), ammonium carbonate, calcium chloride dihydrate, magnesium chloride hexahydrate, potassium phosphate monobasic, porcine pepsin, porcine pancreatin, pronase E, and Viscozyme ® were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
5
Quantitative Analysis of Phenolic Compounds
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The FB1 standard solution (purity > 99%) was obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The phenolic standards 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, 3,4-dihydroxicinnamic acid, benzoic acid, 3-phenylLactic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, protocatechuic, sinapic acid, vanillin, syringic acid, and ferulic acid were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Lactic acid was obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
Acetonitrile (ACN) (LC-MS/MS grade), ethyl acetate (EA), formic acid (FA), and methanol (HPLC-MS/MS grade) were obtained from VWR Chemicals (Randor, PA, USA). The deionised water used in chromatography analysis (<18 MΩ cm resistivity) was obtained from a Milli-Q purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). The salts, magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) and sodium chloride (NaCl), were provided from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
The Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB), and Buffered peptone water (BPW) were purchased from Liofilchem Bacteriology Products (Roseto, Italy). De man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) Broth was obtained from Oxoid (Hampshire, UK).
The Yellow Mustard Flour (YM) (code #106) and Oriental Mustard Flour (OM) (code #107) were provided by G.S. Dunn Dry Mustard Millers (Hamilton, ON, Canada).
Acetonitrile (ACN) (LC-MS/MS grade), ethyl acetate (EA), formic acid (FA), and methanol (HPLC-MS/MS grade) were obtained from VWR Chemicals (Randor, PA, USA). The deionised water used in chromatography analysis (<18 MΩ cm resistivity) was obtained from a Milli-Q purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). The salts, magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) and sodium chloride (NaCl), were provided from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
The Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB), and Buffered peptone water (BPW) were purchased from Liofilchem Bacteriology Products (Roseto, Italy). De man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) Broth was obtained from Oxoid (Hampshire, UK).
The Yellow Mustard Flour (YM) (code #106) and Oriental Mustard Flour (OM) (code #107) were provided by G.S. Dunn Dry Mustard Millers (Hamilton, ON, Canada).
6
Bioactivity Screening of Natural Compounds
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Phosphatidylcholine (egg yolk), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, sodium cholate, sodium carbonate, Triton X-100, a mixture of penicillin, neomycin, streptomycin dissolved in 0.9% NaCl (PSN), L-ascorbic acid, hydrogen peroxide 30% (w/w) (H2O2), PBS, fetal equine serum (FES), Eagle’s minimum essential medium (EMEM), and 0.25% trypsin-ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic-acid (EDTA) solution were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) standards, catechin hydrate, (-)epicatechin, rutin hydrate, kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, and trans-resveratrol, as well as caffeic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric, gallic, rosmarinic, protocatechuic, caftaric, vanillic, syringic, trans-ferulic, ellagic dihydrate, and chicoric acids, were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Rhodamine B from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany), WGA-AlexaFluor 488 conjugate from Thermo Fischer (Waltham, Massachusetts State or Province, US), and Hoechst 33342 from Molecular Probes (Eugene, Oregon, US) were used as fluorophores. The murine fibroblast cell line (L-929) was obtained from ATCC®CRL-6364™ (Manassas, Virginia, US) and the CellTiter96®aqueous non-radioactive cell proliferation assay was purchased from Promega (Madison, WI, USA).
7
Phenolic Compounds Quantification Protocol
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Ethanol and sodium carbonate were purchased from Avantor Performance Materials Poland (Gliwice, Poland). Gallic, m-coumaric, o-coumaric, p-coumaric, caffeic, 5-O-caffeoylqunic, ferulic, isoferulic, vanillic, salicylic, 3-hydroxybenzoic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, syringic, rosmarinic acid, quercitrin, apigenin 7-O-glucoside, eriocitrin, taxifolin, 3-O-methylquercetin, isorhamnetin, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, luteolin, kaempferol, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercetin, sakuranetin, aluminum chloride, and LC–MS grade acetonitrile were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, Mo, USA). Folin–Ciocalteu reagent was supplied by Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland). Quercetin was purchased from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Catechin, naringenin 7-O-glucoside, eriodictyol, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, naringenin 7-O-glucoside, luteolin 3,7-diglucoside, nicotiflorin, narcissoside, gentisic, sinapic acid, and myricetin were provided by ChromaDex (Irvine, CA, USA). Astragalin, apigenin, naringenin, kaempferol-3-rutinoside, and tiliroside were supplied by Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). LC–MS grade water was prepared using a Millipore Direct-Q3 purification system (Bedford, MA, USA).
8
Quantifying Polyphenol Standards Analysis
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Standards of caffeic, gallic, ferulic, isoferulic, protocatechuic, 4-OH-benzoic, vanillic, p-coumaric, salicylic, and LC grade acetonitrile were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Fine Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA). Gentisic and sinapic acids were from ChromaDex (Irvine, CA, USA). The LC grade water was prepared using a Millipore Direct-Q3 purification system (Bedford, MA, USA). Ethanol and methanol (reagent grade purity), used for the preparation of extracts, Folin-Ciocalteu reagents, and all analytical grade reagents were obtained from Avantor Performance Materials (Center Valley, PA, USA).
9
Quantification of Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids
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Standards of flavonoids: Quercetin (3,3’,4’,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone), catechin (3,5,7,3’,4’-pentahydroxyflavan), luteolin (3’,4’,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone), apigenin (4’,5,7-trihydroxyflavone), naringin (naringenin-7-β-rhamnoglucozid), kaempferol (3,4’,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone), galangin (3,5,7-trihydroxyflavone), pinocembrin (5,7-dixydroxyflavanone), chrysin (5, 7-dihydroxyflavone), acacetin (apigenin-4’-methylether) and different phenolic acids: p-hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, ferulic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric, t-cinnamic, o-coumaric, vanillic, homovanillic, protocatechuic and syringic were acquired from Sigma Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, US) and Fluka Chemie GmbH (Buchs, Switzerland). Folin–Ciocâlteu reagent (2N), sodium carbonate, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, aluminum chloride, sodium nitrite, sodium hydroxide, Ferrous sulfate, and Trolox (Sigma Aldrich Co.) were used for total phenolics and antioxidant activity determination. Organic solvents (methanol, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate and acetic acid) were analytical, HPLC or MS grade (Sigma Aldrich Co.). Ultrapure water was obtained with a Millipore equipment (MilliQ Integral 3, Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA).
10
Quantification of Polyphenolic Compounds
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Gallic, caffeic, protocatechuic, sinapic, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic, 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic, m-coumaric, o-coumaric, p-coumaric acids and resveratrol and rutin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); ferulic, isoferulic, and vanillic acid from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland); and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-glucuronide from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Formic acid, ACN, and ethanol (EtOH) were acquired from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Ultrapure water was obtained from a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore Bedford, MA, USA). All samples (WP and PB) and standards were treated in a room with light filters to avoid polyphenol oxidation.
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