Omniscan

All examinations were performed on a 3T or 1.5T MR scanner (Achieva 3T and Ingenia 1.5T; Philips Healthcare, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) using a 32-channel phased-array coil. To prevent artifacts from bowel peristalsis, 1 mg of intramuscular glucagon (Glucagon G Novo; Eisai, Tokyo, Japan) was administered immediately before the MRI examination. We used the following hospital prostate imaging protocols: axial and coronal T₂-weighted imaging (T₂WI) (TR/TE = 3500–4000 ms/70–100 ms; section thickness/intersection gap = 3 mm/0 mm; FOV = 160 × 160 mm²; matrix = 512 × 260, zero-filled interpolation [ZIP] = 1024), DWI (TR/TE = 4000–6500/55–74 ms; section thickness/intersection gap = 3 mm/0 mm; FOV = 240 × 240 mm²; matrix = 256 × 256; diffusion sensitization gradients oriented along three orthogonal directions at five b-values [0, 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 s/mm²]), and gadolinium-enhanced dynamic MRI (enhanced T₁-weighted high-resolution isotropic volume excitation) (TR/TE = 3.8/1.9 ms; flip angle = 15°; section thickness = 3.0 mm [ZIP, 1.5 mm]; FOV = 240 × 240 mm²; matrix = 240 × 194 [ZIP, 512]). In the dynamic studies, images were sequentially obtained at baseline (unenhanced) and at 25, 60, and 180 s after a bolus injection of 0.1 mmol/kg of gadodiamide hydrate (Omniscan; Daiichi Sankyo, Tokyo, Japan) or gadobutrol (Gadovist; Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Osaka, Japan).

Muscles in the upper arms and/or thighs were evaluated by MRI using a 1.5 T unit (MAGNETOM Symphony or Avanto; Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany). STIR imaging (repetition time: 4000 ms; echo time: 25 ms; inversion time: 180 ms; slice thickness: 5.0 mm; flip angle: 150°; field of view: 260×260 mm in upper arms, 370×370 mm in thighs; matrix: 256×256 in upper arms, 345×384 in thighs; acquisition time: 153 s) and Gd-T1WI (repetition time: 530 ms; echo time: 11 ms; inversion time: 5.0 ms; flip angle: 150°; field of view: 335×370 mm; matrix: 326×384; acquisition time: 161 s) were performed in the axial plane. Contrast media, gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist; Bayer Yakuhin, Osaka, Japan), gadodiamide (Omniscan; Daiichi Sankyo, Tokyo, Japan) or gadoteridol (ProHance; Eisai, Tokyo, Japan) were administered at a dose of 0.2 mmol/kg body weight.

MR imaging was performed as previously described.16, 17 Briefly, a standard dose (0.2 ml/kg) of intravenous gadodiamide hydrate (Omniscan; Daiichi Sankyo Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was administered and 4 h later, MRI was performed using a 3T MR imaging unit (Magnetom Verio; Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) equipped with a receive‐only 32‐channel phased‐array coil. All patients underwent heavily T2‐weighted (hT2W) MR cisternography (MRC) for the anatomical reference of total lymph fluid, and hT2W 3D‐FLAIR with inversion times of 2250 and 2050 ms. HYDROPS imaging was used to detect EH13. The details of the sequence parameters are described previously.18

Using the picture archiving and communication system of our hospital, post-contrast trans-axial spin-echo T₁-weighted images were retrieved from MR images obtained with our 3-T brain tumor protocol. All MR images were obtained on a 3-T system (Signa HDx, system versions of 14 and of 15 after system software upgrade, GE Healthcare UK Ltd, Little Chalfont, England) and imaging parameters were as follows: TR/TE (ms) = 400/minimum, FOV = 21.0 cm, matrix = 256 × 256, slice thickness = 5 mm. All patients received one of the following gadolinium-based contrast agents at the rate of 0.1 mmol/kg body weight: gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist, Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd., Osaka, Japan), gadodiamide hydrate (Omniscan, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), gadoteridol (ProHance, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), or gadoterate meglumine (Magnescope, Fuji Pharma Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).