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13 protocols using alpha spectrophotometer

1

Synthesis and Characterization of Phenoxazine Ethers

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The phenoxazine ether derivatives were prepared based on the adoption of method by Attila et al. (1999 (link)). The reagents used in this work were of analytical grades, and were bought from Sigma Aldrich chemical company, Germany and Fluka Chemical Company. They were used as supplied with no additional purification. Fisher-Johns melting points apparatus was used for the determination of the melting points of the synthesized compounds, and the figures were uncorrected. UV/visible, IR, and 1H NMR spectroscopy were used to characterize the compounds. UV-visible spectra were determined in water on a JENWAY 6645 UV/VIS spectrophotometer. The absorption maxima are reported in nanometers, and the log ε-values are indicated in the parenthesis. Infrared spectra in wave numbers (cm−1) were determined on an alpha Bruker spectrophotometer. Nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectra were determined using a Jeol 7000MH spectrometer at University of New Castle, London, United Kingdom. Chemical shifts were recorded on the delta (δ) scale. Interpretation of spectral data was done with reference to literature (Mohan, 2000 ).
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2

Characterization of Cobalt-Containing Compounds

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Chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Company (Chemie GmbH, 82024 Taufkirchen, Germany). The CHN analyses were determined using a Perkin-Elmer 2400 instrument (PerkinElmer, Inc., 940 Winter Street, Waltham, MA, USA). Cobalt content was determined using Shimadzu atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA-7000 series, Shimadzu, Ltd., Kyoto, Japan). An Alpha Bruker spectrophotometer (Billerica, MA, USA) was used to measure the FTIR spectra in KBr pellets (Figures S4 and S5, Supplementary Data). The FTIR spectra were recorded in the range of 4000–400 cm−1 at a spectral resolution of 2 cm−1 and with 40 scans. The UV-Vis electronic spectra were recorded in ethanol using Pg instruments T80+ spectrophotometer (Alma Park, Wibtoft, UK). The melting points were ascertained in open capillary tubes using a Gallenkamp melting point apparatus (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Taufkirchen, Germany) and were uncorrected.
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3

Characterization of Titanium Compounds

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All chemicals and solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and Merck (Saint Louis, MO, USA), were of reagent grade, and were used without further purification, except TiCl4, which was distilled under high vacuum just prior to use. C, H, and N analyses were conducted by the microanalytical service of the School of Chemistry, the University of Glasgow. FT-IR transmission spectra of the compounds, in KBr pellets, were acquired using a Bruker Alpha spectrophotometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) in the 4000−400 cm−1 range. The UV−Vis diffuse reflectance spectra were recorded at room temperature on an Agilent Cary 60 UV−Vis spectrophotometer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The UV–Vis and the luminescence solution spectra were acquired on a Shimadzu UV-2600i UV–Vis Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Nagoya, Japan) and on a Jasco Spectrofluorometer FP-8300 (JASCO, Mary’s Court Easton, MD 21601, USA), respectively, at room temperature.
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4

Spectroscopic Characterization of Compound

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IR spectra were recorded using a BRUKER ALPHA spectrometer with a universal transmission adapter. Samples were prepared in a KBr matrix (200:1 ratio). The spectrum was measured in the range of 4000–400 cm−1 with a resolution of 4 cm−1. Infrared spectra were also recorded using the ATR technique using the BRUKER ALPHA spectrophotometer with an ATR attachment containing a zinc selenide (ZnSe) crystal. The measurement was made in the range of 4000–600 cm−1 with a resolution of 4 cm−1. Raman spectra were recorded using a BRUKER MultiRAM spectrophotometer in the range of 4000–400 cm−1. 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra of the DMSO sample solution of the studied compound were recorded with a Bruker Avance II 400 MHz unit at room temperature with TMS as an internal reference.
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5

FTIR Spectroscopy of Clear Aligners

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The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of the four clear aligner systems were recorded using an Alpha spectrophotometer (Bruker, Germany) equipped with a platinum attenuated total reflection module and a diamond hemisphere. Instrument control and data recording and processing were performed using OPUS version 7.8 (Bruker Optik GmbH, Germany). The flat portion of the small samples was placed on the sample holder touching the diamond hemisphere, and the infrared (IR) beam was allowed to pass through the diamond hemisphere to create at least one reflectance from the surface of contact with the specimen. The data were recorded in the mid-infrared range of 4000 to 375 cm1 with a spectral resolution of 2 cm1. The software recorded the percentage of transmittance with changing wavenumbers to provide the infrared spectra.
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6

Synthesis and Characterization of Photosensitizers

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The starting materials, including N-bromosuccinimide, 4-(N,N-diphenylamino)benzaldehyde, (3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)boronic acid, aliquat-336, K2CO3, Pd(PPh3)4, 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-dipyridyl and trimethylsilane, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Alfa Aesar and Ark Pharm companies. In addition, 2,2′-bipyridinyl-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid and the MH-12 and MH-13 photosensitizers were synthesized according to the reported procedure23,24 (link) (see ESI). All required solvents were ordered from Fischer Scientific. A Bruker advance 400 MHZ was used to obtain the 1H-NMR spectra, applying DMSO-d6 and TMS as an internal standard for chemical shift calibration. A Bruker alpha spectrophotometer was used for FTIR spectroscopy analysis. The mass spectra were acquired on a Thermo Scientific EXACTIVE (ESI-MS) spectrometer. The UV-visible and fluorescence spectra were obtained utilizing SPECORD S600 and Horiba Fluromax-4 spectrophotometers.
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7

Infrared Spectroscopy of Okra and Silver Nanoparticles

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The infrared spectra of the okra leaves, okra stem, okra seeds, and purified silver nanoparticles, were recorded using a Bruker Alpha spectrophotometer (Bruker Inc., Madison, WI, USA) in the scanning range of 500–4000 cm−1. The samples were ground with dry potassium bromide into fine powder using an agate mortar and pestle. The powder was pressed into a thin and transparent pellet using a pellet-making machine.
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8

ATR-FTIR Analysis of Dressing Formulations

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The ATR-FTIR spectra of each raw material of the most favorable formulations and of the dressings were obtained using an ALPHA spectrophotometer (Bruker, USA). All spectra were obtained in the range of 4000 to 400 cm−1, resulting in an average of 24 scans collected with a resolution of 2 cm−1.
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9

Comprehensive Material Characterization Techniques

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UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence spectra measurements were performed on a multimode reader Spark® 10M (Tecan, Männedorf, Switzerland). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were obtained on a field-emission scanning electron microscope with X-MaxN energy spectrum (ZEISS, Jena, Germany). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data were recorded using K-Alpha using Al Kα (hv = 1486.6 eV) radiation (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, USA). X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded from a D8 ADVANCE (Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany) X-ray diffracto meter with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å). Fourier transform infrared spectra were obtained using a Bruker ALPHA spectrophotometer (Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany). The zeta potential was measured with a Zetasizer Nano ZS DLS system (Malvern Instruments Ltd., Malvern, England). N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms were obtained using an ASAP 2020 HD88/Autosorb IQ system (Quantachrome, Florida, USA) at 77 K. Fluorescence microscope images were recorded by NIS-Elements Viewer (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). Mass spectrum data were collected from QE (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, USA).
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10

Characterization of Activated Carbon

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The surface properties of the prepared carbon were determined by FTIR spectroscopy using a Bruker Alpha spectrophotometer. The almond shell was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (Goniometer/MiniFlex 300/600-Diffracted beam mono/Bent-Detector/SC-70, Tokyo, Japan) with an X-ray source (Cu Kα) operating at 15 mA and 40 kV. X-ray diffraction was performed in the range of 2θ = 1.5° with a step width of 0.03° and a step duration of 1 s. The texture of AC was characterized at 77 K (Quantachrome/Autosorb-6, Madrid, Spain). The samples were outgassed at 300 °C under vacuum for 2 h. The nitrogen adsorption results were used to calculate the BET surface area. Thermograms of the samples were performed between 25 °C and 700 °C under an N2 atmosphere at heating rates of 10 °C per minute using a PerkinElmer Diamond TGA device (Washington, DC, USA).
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