A validated chemical compound library (Prestwick and LOPAC chemical library) was provided by the Drug Discovery Initiative (The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; http://www.ddi.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/ ). Pyrimethamine, fluphenazine, and perospirone (Wako, Osaka, Japan); perphenazine, mefloquine, tanshinone IIA, and butein (Tokyo Chemical Industry, Tokyo, Japan); hydroxyzine and penitrem A (LKT Labs, MN, USA; (±)-terfenadine and AM404 (R&D Systems, MN, USA); domperidone, PQ-401, bromocriptine, and omeprazole (Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA); niguldipine (Focus Biomolecules, PA, USA); MC-1293 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, TX, USA); and entinostat (ChemScene Chemicals, NJ, USA) were used for secondary screening as described below.
Pyrimethamine
Manufactured by Fujifilm
Sourced in Japan
Pyrimethamine is a laboratory reagent used for the detection and identification of various compounds. It is a crystalline solid that can be dissolved in organic solvents. Pyrimethamine is often used in analytical chemistry and biochemistry applications, but its specific functions and intended uses are not provided in this description.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Perphenazine, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (1 mentions)
Mefloquine, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (1 mentions)
Butein, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (1 mentions)
Pq401, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Bromocriptine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Domperidone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Omeprazole, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sulfadiazine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Beta glo luminescent assay kit, by Promega (1 mentions)
Apicidin, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
Nitazoxanide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Piceatannol, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Bay11 7082, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Pd98059, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
Daidzein, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Apigenin, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Penicillin streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Trypsin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Percoll, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Fungizone, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
7 protocols using pyrimethamine
1
Chemical Compound Library Screening
2
Evaluating Nanoparticle Antiparasitic Efficacy
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NP doses were selected on the basis of our previous findings [6] , and in vitro growth inhibition assays were performed as previously described [6] . Briefly, purified parasite suspension plus the NPs (reconstituted in culture medium prior to use) was added to growing HFF monolayers and incubated for 48 h. The untreated but infected cells served as controls, whereas the culture medium only well was used to correct for the background signal. Sulfadiazine (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA) and/or pyrimethamine (Wako Pure Chemical, Osaka, Japan) were included as positive controls. After the 48-h incubation at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere, the viability of the RH-2F parasite strain was determined by assaying for galactosidase activity by using a Beta-Glo luminescent assay kit (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). The assay was performed in triplicate and repeated three times independently. All experiments were performed in 96-well solid white plates (Nunc; Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) unless otherwise stated.
3
Natural Drug Library Screening
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The natural drug library was provided by the Institute of Natural Medicine (The University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan). Pyrimethamine (Wako, Osaka, Japan) and artesunate (ATN; Sigma, MO, USA) were also used for the screening, as described below.
4
Epigenetics Library Screening Protocol
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An epigenetics library (containing various compounds with epigenetic activity and different structures and mechanisms of action) (ENZO; CB-BML-28360100) was provided by the Cancer Research Institute of Kanazawa University (http://ganken.cri.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/ ). This library contains 43 compounds. Of these, 42 commercially available compounds were used in the experiments. The compounds were dissolved in DMSO at a concentration of 10 mM and stored at −80 °C. Pyrimethamine (Wako, Osaka, Japan) and nitazoxanide (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) served as positive controls for T. gondii and C. parvum, respectively. Apicidin (CaymanChemical, USA) was used as a positive control as an HDAC inhibitor of C. parvum.
5
Screening Library for Cancer Therapeutics
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For the preliminary screening, we used a library of 80 compounds (ENZO; CB-BML-2832J0100, 10 mM in a 96-well plate), provided by the Cancer Research Institute of Kanazawa University, Japan. Pyrimethamine (Wako, Osaka, Japan), Tyrphostin AG 1295 (Cayman Chemical Company, USA), piceatannol (Wako, Osaka, Japan), PD-98059 (Cayman Chemical Company, USA), BAY 11-7082 (Wako, Osaka, Japan); daidzein (Wako, Osaka, Japan), apigenin (Wako, Osaka, Japan) were used for secondary screening.
6
Natural Drug Library Screening
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The Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama provided the natural drug library
used in this study. Pyrimethamine (Wako, Osaka, Japan) and DS10 (dextran sulfate MW 10
kDa) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) [6 (link)], served
as control drugs.
used in this study. Pyrimethamine (Wako, Osaka, Japan) and DS10 (dextran sulfate MW 10
kDa) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) [6 (link)], served
as control drugs.
7
Nicotine Transport Kinetics Assay
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Fetal bovine serum (FBS), Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM), and Ham's F-12 nutrition mixture (F-12) were purchased from MP Biomedicals (Solon, OH). Penicillin-streptomycin, fungizone, and trypsin (1:250, powder) were purchased from Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA). Percoll was purchased from GE Healthcare Bio-Science (Piscataway, NJ). [ 3 H]Nicotine was purchased from American Radiolabeled Chemicals, Inc. (St Louis, MO). p-Aminohippurate (PAH), L-carnitine, choline chloride, diphenhydramine, and verapamil were purchased from Nacalai Tesque Inc. (Kyoto, Japan). Nicotine, propranolol, pyrilamine maleate, pyrimethamine, quinidine, and quinine were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). Procainamide and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP þ ) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) and clonidine hydrochloride were purchased from Tokyo Kasei Kogyo Company (Tokyo, Japan). Cotinine was purchased from TOYOBO Company, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). All other chemicals were of the highest grade commercially available.
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