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7 protocols using cyquant cell lysis buffer

1

Cytokine Secretion Quantification in Macrophages

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The secretions of TNF-α and IL-1β were measured in the conditioned media from the cultured MΦs using commercially available, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (Novex®/Life Technologies), according to the instructions from the manufacturer. All samples were measured at 450 nm and referenced at 630 nm using a microplate reader (Instruments ELX800, BioTek). Intracellular proteins were collected by transferring samples to microcentrifuge tubes containing 1× CyQUANT cell lysis buffer (Life Technologies) and quantified by mixing the samples with a Pierce™ BCA Protein Assay Kit (Life Technologies). The values were read at 570 nm using the microplate reader. Serially diluted recombinant standards for each cytokine of interest were used to create a standard curve for determining cytokine concentrations in the conditioned media that were normalized to the amount of intracellular total protein (and expressed as pg/μg cellular protein).
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2

MSC Leukocyte Binding Assay

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MSCs (2 × 104 cells/well) were plated in 24-well plates (Corning, Corning, NY) in 2% CCM and allowed to adhere for at least 6 h and then activated as above. U937 cells were labeled with CellTracker Red CMPTX (Life Technologies) following manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, U937 cells (2 × 106 cells/ml) were resuspended in pre-warmed CellTracker dye working solution (10 μM in serum–free RPMI) and incubated at 37°C. After 45 min, cells were resuspended in complete RPMI media. Following 30 min incubation at 37°C, cells were washed and resuspended at 106 cells/ml in complete RPMI media. Fluorescent-labeled U937 cells (5 × 105 cells/well) were allowed to bind to MSCs for 1 h at 4°C, as previously described16 (link), to determine the extent to which activated MSCs could bind leukocytes without any significant physiological changes to the cells upon contact. Next, the plate was washed with cold PBS for removal of unbound cells and remaining cells were lysed with CyQUANT® Cell lysis buffer (Life Technologies) and 100 μl removed for fluorescence measurement. The number of bound cells/well was calculated based on a standard curve generated with a serial dilution of known numbers of fluorescent-labeled U937.
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3

Measuring Mitochondrial Respiration in Adipocytes

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To directly assess the effects of MTIF3 on mitochondrial respiration in adipocytes we used the Seahorse XF (Seahorse Bioscience, North Billerica, MA) to measure cellular respiration OCR under different conditions. hWAs-iCas9 cells were seeded at 8000 cells/well in a Seahorse 24-well plate, then differentiated and induced for MTIF3 knockout or with scrambled control, as described above. Then, cells were adapted in 1 g/l growth medium (31885049, Thermo Fisher Scientific) for 3 days. Mitochondrial function was then assessed using the Seahorse XF-24 instrument according to a protocol optimized for the adipocyte cell line. Briefly, to measure OCR independent of oxidative phosphorylation, 2 μM oligomycin (O4876, Sigma-Aldrich) was added to the cells. Subsequently, 2 μM FCCP (carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone) (C2920, Sigma-Aldrich) and 5 μM respiratory chain inhibitors: rotenone (R8875, Sigma-Aldrich) and antimycin A (A8674, Sigma-Aldrich) were added to measure maximal respiration and basal rates of non-mitochondrial respiration. Cells were then frozen at −80°C for at least 4 hr, then the plate was dried, and DNA was extracted with CyQUANT Cell Lysis Buffer (C7027, Thermo Fisher Scientific). Total DNA was then quantified by Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA Assay Kit (P7589, Thermo Fisher Scientific) against a lambda DNA-generated standard curve.
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4

Dual-Luciferase Assay for miRNA Functional Analysis

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A dual-luciferase assay was performed as described previously (24 (link)). Briefly, cells were seeded in a 24-well plate at ~80% confluence and transfected with miRNA expression vector, reporter vector and the pRL-TK control vector encoding Renilla luciferase (Biovector Science Lab, Inc., Beijing, China), using Invitrogen Lipofectamine 2000 according to the manufacturer's instructions. Following 24 h of transfection, cells were harvested, lysed by CyQuant® cell Lysis Buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and analyzed using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System kit (Promega Corporation). All experiments were performed in triplicate.
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5

Measuring Mitochondrial Respiration in Adipocytes

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To evaluate mitochondrial respiration, Seahorse XF (Seahorse Bioscience, USA) was used to measure oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in white adipocytes. Briefly, hWAs cells were seeded in a Seahorse 24-well plate and induced to differentiate using protocols described above. OCR was recorded continuously by sequentially adding 2 μmol/l oligomycin (EMD Chemicals, USA), 2 μmol/l FCCP and 5 μmol/l of the respiratory chain inhibitor rotenone at the indicated time points. After the measurement, the cell plate was then frozen at −80°C for at least 4 h, then the plate was dried and DNA was extracted with CyQUANT Cell Lysis Buffer (C7027, Thermo Fisher Scientific). Total DNA was then quantified using Quant-iT PicoGreen double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) assay kit (P7589, Thermo Fisher Scientific) against a lambda DNA-generated standard curve.
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6

Cell Viability and Proliferation Assays

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Cell behavior was assessed for all 2D and 3D cultures after 2 and 10 days of seeding or printing. Cellular metabolic activity was assessed using alamarBlue® assay (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, IL, USA), with sample absorbance measured using a Biotek 800TS microplate reader (Winooski, VT, USA) at 570 and 600 nm. DNA concentration was determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen® assay (Molecular Probes, Invitrogen, Eugene, OR, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol with slight modification. Briefly, a series of freezing and thawing cycles, in combination with a Cyquant Cell Lysis Buffer (Invitrogen, Eugene, OR, USA), was used to lyse the cells for DNA quantification. Hydrogels were dissociated using a 1:1 ratio of 0.2M sodium citrate solution and 1X cell lysis buffer. Cell viability was also qualitatively assessed for 3D cell-laden hydrogels using a LIVE/DEAD® Viability/Cytotoxicity assay (Molecular Probes, Invitrogen, Eugene, OR, USA) according to manufacturer specifications. Images were collected using a Zeiss LSM 710 confocal microscope (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) using the Zeiss AXIO Observer Z1 microscope stand.
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7

Cell Proliferation Assay with CyQuant

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Cells were seeded at 20,000 cells per well for the screening study or 2,000 cells per well for proliferation assays in growth medium in 96-well plates (Corning, 3603). For proliferation assays, the culture medium was removed the next day, followed by a gentle 1× wash with PBS. Treatment medium was then applied, and the cells incubated at 37 °C and 5% CO2 until they reached ~70% confluence. Medium was then carefully aspirated, and the plate with cells attached was moved to −80 °C for at least 24 h to ensure complete cell lysis. To prepare the lysis buffer and DNA dye, CyQUANT Cell Lysis Buffer and CyQUANT GR dye (Invitrogen, C7026) were diluted in water at 1:20 and 1:400, respectively. The frozen cells were then thawed and 100 µl of the lysis buffer was added to each well. Thereafter the plate was covered to prevent light from inactivating the GR dye and was placed on an orbital shaker for 5 min before measurement. Fluorescence from each well, indicating GR dye binding to DNA, was then measured utilizing a SpectraMax M3 Microplate Reader with SoftMax Pro 5.4.2 software at an excitation wavelength of 480 nm and an emission wavelength of 520 nm.
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