D galactose g5388

Rapamycin (R0395), bafilomycin A1 (B1793), LY294002 (L9908), L-glutamine (G3126), and D-galactose (G5388) were from Sigma. 2′, 7′-Dichlorofluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA) was from Applygen (C1300). Anti-ACTB (sc-47778), anti-SQSTM1 (sc-28359), and anti-CSTB antibodies (sc-6493) were from Santa Cruz Biotechnologies; anti-p-AKT (ab81283) and anti-p-mTOR (Y391) were from Abcam; TFEB (13372-1-AP) and Lamp2 (10397-1-AP) were from Proteintech; and LC3A/B (4,108) was from CST. Secondary antibodies (Alexa Fluor 488 anti-rabbit, Alexa Fluor 555 anti-rat) and Prolong anti-fade + DAPI were from Life Technologies.

All the materials used were of the highest grade of purity. No further purification was necessary. D-galactose (G5388), L-galactose (G7134), galactose 1-phosphate (G0380), galactitol (D0256), human tubular fluid (HTF) medium, M2 medium, anti-α tubulin antibody, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugate anti-goat antibody, 4′,6′-diamino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), 1% Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), 0.1% M Glycine, and 0.1% Triton X- 100 were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Normal Goat Serum (2%) was from Invitrogen (Grand Island, NY), 0.2% Powder Milk (Nestle) from grocery and anti-fade agent was obtained from Biomedia, CA. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection assay kit (ab186029, Abcam, Cambridge, United Kingdom) and In Situ Cell Death Detection kit, AP (11684795910, Roche Applied Science, Penzberg, Germany) were procured from respective commercial sources.