Nicolet 67000

Spectral characteristics of ungerminated and germinated dhaincha flour were recorded to evaluate the protein secondary structure using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometer (Nicolet 67000; ThermoFisher Scientific, Madison, WI, USA). Spectra were recorded in the range 400-4000 cm^-1.

The obtained samples were characterized by XRD analysis on D8 advance X-ray diffractometer (Bruker AXS, Karlsruhe, Germany) with filtered Cu Kα radiation. The functional groups of the samples were analyzed by FTIR (Thermo Scientific, Nicolet 67000, Madison, WI, USA). The detailed microstructure and morphology of samples were observed using SEM (ZEISS Gemini SEM 300, Oberkochen, Germany) and TEM (FEI Tecnai F20, Hillsboro, OR, USA). Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms were recorded by Micromeritics ASAP 2460 adsorption apparatus at 77 K (ASAP 2460, Micromeritics, Norcross, GA, USA). The magnetic property of the sample was measured using VSM (LakeShore, Westerville, OH, USA). XPS was conducted at room temperature on an ESCALAB Xi+ instrument (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) equipped with an Al Kα source.