Geminisem crossbeam 340 scanning electron microscope

The change in the elemental composition of the CNCs after TDI-carbamation and the following surface grafting of the alcohols was determined using a ZEISS GeminiSEM Crossbeam 340 scanning electron microscope (ZEISS, Oberkochen, Germany), which was equipped with an X-MaxN EDX detector (Oxford Instruments, Abingdon, UK). The samples in the form of powder were pressed in a mold to obtain discs (diameter: 1 cm) of smooth surfaces. The measurements were performed using a voltage of 10 kV.

Elemental analysis of solid samples of the CNCs at each stage of the process was conducted using a ZEISS GeminiSEM Crossbeam 340 scanning electron microscope (ZEISS, Oberkochen, Germany), equipped with an X-MaxN EDX detector (Oxford Instruments, Abingdon, UK) operating at a voltage of 10 kV. The samples in the powder form were pressed in a mold to obtain discs (diameter: 1 cm) of smooth surfaces. DS_TDI was determined based on the increase in the nitrogen/carbon molar ratio (R) and the equation below, which was developed by the authors and published elsewhere [49 (link)]. To assure reproducibility, the measurement was performed in duplicate.
$$D{S}_{TDI}=\frac{mmolTDI}{mmolCNCHydroxyls}*100\%=168,796.6R^4-27,737.8R^3+2270.4R^2+36.7R+0.1$$