The contact angles of the membranes and algae were determined by a Dataphysics-OCA25 contact angle and surface free energy analyzer (Germany) based on the sessile-drop method. Before the measurement, the membranes were immersed in Milli-Q water for at least 48 hours and then placed in a freeze dryer. After freeze-drying for 24 h, the membranes were fixed onto the glass slide. De-ionized water, glycerol and diiodomethane were selected as the test titration liquids. Each sample was measured at least 5 times. Notably, the contact angle of the algae could not be detected until the algal cells completely covered the membrane surface and formed a distinct cake layer.21 (link)
Oca25
Manufactured by Dataphysics
Sourced in Germany
The OCA25 is a compact and versatile optical contact angle measurement system. It provides precise and reliable measurements of contact angles on various solid surfaces. The instrument utilizes high-resolution optics and advanced software to capture and analyze the contact angle data.
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Lab products found in correlation
Sca20, by Dataphysics (5 mentions)
S 4800, by Hitachi (2 mentions)
Raman station 400f, by PerkinElmer (2 mentions)
Quanta 450, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Escalab 250xi, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Oca20, by Dataphysics (1 mentions)
Fei quanta 200 feg, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Mira 3 lmh, by TESCAN (1 mentions)
Tcs sp8 smd, by Leica camera (1 mentions)
Eclipse ci l, by Nikon (1 mentions)
Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Maclin Biochemical Technology (1 mentions)
Bicinchoninic acid (bca), by Tiangen Biotech (1 mentions)
Quanta 200f, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Supra 55, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Fastcam mini ax50, by Photron (1 mentions)
Uv 3600 plus, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Irtracer 100, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Multimode 8, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Ihr550, by Horiba (1 mentions)
Nano z, by Malvern Panalytical (1 mentions)
71 protocols using oca25
1
Contact Angle Measurement of Membranes and Algae
2
Colloidal Film Morphology and Dynamics
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SEM (FEI Quanta 200 FEG, FEI Company, Hillsboro, OR, USA) was used to image the morphologies of the colloidal films. The motion of particles during the film formation process was recorded by PIV (MicroVec, Inc., Beijing, China) from a side view. The PIV setup included a 532 nm diode pump solid state laser (DPSSL) with a maximum power of 5 W and a 12–14 bit camera with a maximum capture rate of 258 fps, fitted with a 100 mm f/2.8 Tokina lens. When PIV was used to capture the motion of particles from above, the laser was replaced by a high brightness cold light source (XD-300, Nanjing Yanan Special Light Factory, Nanjing, China). The surface tension data were obtained using the hanging plate method with a Dataphysics OCA-20 (DataPhysics Instruments GmbH, Filderstadt, Germany) analyzer. Water contact angles were measured on a Dataphysics OCA 25 (DataPhysics Instruments GmbH, Filderstadt, Germany) instrument at room temperature.
3
Contact Angle Measurements of 3D Printed Disks
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The contact angle measurements were performed using a DataPhysics OCA 25 contact-angle analyzer (DataPhysics Instruments GmbH, Filderstadt, Germany) provided with an optical component that allows the visualization and recording of the interaction of the droplet with the sample and the determination of the contact angle. Investigations were conducted on samples represented by FDM-3D-printed disks (diameter = 4 cm, height = 1.5 mm) prepared with 100% infill settings. The samples were prepared using each type of fabricated filament (Fil-IR-PVA, Fil-SR-PVA, Fil-SR-KOLLI 14, Fil-SR-KOLLI 19, and Fil-SR-KOLLI 24). The wetting angles of the printlets were assessed after droplets of 2 μL of distilled water were deposited on the surfaces of the samples using the Sessile Drop method. Four examinations were performed on different regions of each sample at room temperature.
4
Wettability of Elastomeric PGS Samples
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Dry PGS samples were analysed using a Dataphysics OCA 25 (DataPhysics Instruments GmbH), to determine their wettability. Water contact angles (WCAs) were obtained from at least ten 3 ul-drops of Ultra-pure MilliQ water for each sample, by the sessile drop technique. In order to unveil the presence of surface-hidden polar groups in the elastomers, as observed in [24] (link), the WCAs of analogous wet samples were obtained. To this end, PGS samples were immersed for 24 h in Ultra-pure MilliQ water. The excess of water on the surfaces was carefully removed before measurements.
5
Determining Biosurfactant Performance
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To determine the performance
of the biosurfactant, the obtained
surfactant was accurately weighed and dissolved in distilled water
to prepare a series of solutions with the concentration gradient.
Surface tension changes were determined by the pendant drop method
using OCA-25 (optical contact angle measuring and contour analysis
systems, Data Physics Instruments, Germany) at room temperature. Each
result was the average of nine determinations after stabilization.
The value of CMC was obtained from the plot of surface tension against
surfactant concentration. The CMC value was determined as the mg/L
value of the biosurfactant.25
of the biosurfactant, the obtained
surfactant was accurately weighed and dissolved in distilled water
to prepare a series of solutions with the concentration gradient.
Surface tension changes were determined by the pendant drop method
using OCA-25 (optical contact angle measuring and contour analysis
systems, Data Physics Instruments, Germany) at room temperature. Each
result was the average of nine determinations after stabilization.
The value of CMC was obtained from the plot of surface tension against
surfactant concentration. The CMC value was determined as the mg/L
value of the biosurfactant.25
6
Surface Tension Measurement of Test Solutions
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The surface tension of the
test solutions in different gaseous environments was measured with
an optical contact angle measurement device (OCA 25, Dataphysics).
For the generation of pendant drops, the device’s automatic
dosing system and a needle with a filling volume of 1 mL and a blunt
tip (Sterican 0.8 mm × 22 mm, B.Braun) were used. Surface tension
was calculated by fitting the Young–Laplace equation using
the SCA 20 software from Dataphysics. The room-temperature density
of the samples, required for surface tension measurements via this
method, was determined with an EasyDens digital density meter from
Anton Paar.
test solutions in different gaseous environments was measured with
an optical contact angle measurement device (OCA 25, Dataphysics).
For the generation of pendant drops, the device’s automatic
dosing system and a needle with a filling volume of 1 mL and a blunt
tip (Sterican 0.8 mm × 22 mm, B.Braun) were used. Surface tension
was calculated by fitting the Young–Laplace equation using
the SCA 20 software from Dataphysics. The room-temperature density
of the samples, required for surface tension measurements via this
method, was determined with an EasyDens digital density meter from
Anton Paar.
7
Sessile Drop Method for Surface Wettability
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The contact angle
is measured using the contact angle meter (Dataphysics OCA25). The
rock is smoothed using a 600 mesh sandpaper to reduce the roughness
of the surface before the experiment. The sessile drop method is used
to measure the contact angle. A sessile Gemini surfactant solution
droplet of 2 μL is attached carefully to the surface using a
pipette. The work of adhesion (WA) and
surface free energy (ΔG) are calculated as
follows where ΔG is
the surface
free energy, T is the temperature in Kelvin, and R is the universal gas constant (8.314 Jmol–1 K–1)
where γ is the gas–liquid
interfacial tension (mN/m), A is the unit area, taken
to be 1 cm2 here, and θ is the contact angle.
is measured using the contact angle meter (Dataphysics OCA25). The
rock is smoothed using a 600 mesh sandpaper to reduce the roughness
of the surface before the experiment. The sessile drop method is used
to measure the contact angle. A sessile Gemini surfactant solution
droplet of 2 μL is attached carefully to the surface using a
pipette. The work of adhesion (WA) and
surface free energy (ΔG) are calculated as
follows where ΔG is
the surface
free energy, T is the temperature in Kelvin, and R is the universal gas constant (8.314 Jmol–1 K–1)
where γ is the gas–liquid
interfacial tension (mN/m), A is the unit area, taken
to be 1 cm2 here, and θ is the contact angle.
8
Surface Wettability Characterization of TMAS
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The optical microscopy (ECLIPSE Ci‐L, Nikon) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM, SIGMA, Zeiss AG, Germany, and MIRA 3 LMH, Tescan AG, Czech Republic) were employed to examine the surface morphology. Inverted confocal microscope (Leica TCS SP8 SMD, HCX PLAPO 40× dry objective) with a resolution of about 0.25 and 1.0 µm in the horizontal and vertical direction to investigate the state of water droplet on TMAS. Droplet sliding angle were measured by a droplet shape analysis (OCA25, Dataphysics, Germany) at ambient temperature. The water droplet volumes for SA measurements were 3–7 µL. For SA measurements, the rate of stage rotating was 1.68° per second. The average values of SA were obtained by measuring the same samples at least three different positions.
9
Protein Adsorption on Biocompatible Cages
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The contact angle of water and diiodomethane were assessed by a contact angle tester (OCA25, Dataphysics, Germany), then the surface energy was calculated by the method of Owens two-liquid [8 (link)].
The adherent protein was evaluated by bicinchoninic acid protein assay kit (BCA, TIANGEN, China). The cages (G-PEEK, G-PEEK/Ta-5, G-PEEK/Ta-10 and G-PEEK/Ta-15) were covered by the protein solutions (including 30 μg/mL fibronectin (Fn, Macklin, China) and 5 mg/mL bovine serum albumin (BSA, Macklin, China)) in 12-well plates. After being incubated 4 h at 37 °C, the unabsorbed proteins were cleaned with PBS 3 times. Finally, under shaking at 37 °C, the cages were covered by 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to thoroughly set free the absorbed proteins, then were evaluated by the BCA assay kit.
The adherent protein was evaluated by bicinchoninic acid protein assay kit (BCA, TIANGEN, China). The cages (G-PEEK, G-PEEK/Ta-5, G-PEEK/Ta-10 and G-PEEK/Ta-15) were covered by the protein solutions (including 30 μg/mL fibronectin (Fn, Macklin, China) and 5 mg/mL bovine serum albumin (BSA, Macklin, China)) in 12-well plates. After being incubated 4 h at 37 °C, the unabsorbed proteins were cleaned with PBS 3 times. Finally, under shaking at 37 °C, the cages were covered by 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to thoroughly set free the absorbed proteins, then were evaluated by the BCA assay kit.
10
Morphological and Surface Analyses of PEEK, SPEEK, and SPEEK-GO
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The surface morphologies of the PEEK, SPEEK, and SPEEK-GO samples were observed using a Gemini SEM 500 (Gemini, Germany) field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The parameters used for these observations were as follows:
Detector: SE2; resolution: 1.0 nm / 15 KV and 1.7 nm / 1 KV. Because the PEEK, SPEEK, and SPEEK-GO samples are conductive, the samples were coated with a thin layer of gold for 0.5 h prior to the observation. Raman spectroscopy, a widely used tool for the characterisation of carbon materials, was used in this study. The Raman spectra obtained in this study were recorded using a LabRam HR Evolution (SPM-960, Japan) laser Raman spectrometer with a laser wavelength of 633 nm. The contact angle (CA) of deionised water on the surface of the sample was measured with a video contact angle meter (OCA25, Dataphysics, Germany). Here, CA was defined as the angle between the edge of the water droplet and the surface of the material. In these measurements, deionised water droplets were deposited on the surface of the material at three different points for each specimen used for the measurements, and the average CA was calculated. These values were used to analyse the changes in the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the PEEK, SPEEK, and SPEEK-GO specimen surfaces.
Detector: SE2; resolution: 1.0 nm / 15 KV and 1.7 nm / 1 KV. Because the PEEK, SPEEK, and SPEEK-GO samples are conductive, the samples were coated with a thin layer of gold for 0.5 h prior to the observation. Raman spectroscopy, a widely used tool for the characterisation of carbon materials, was used in this study. The Raman spectra obtained in this study were recorded using a LabRam HR Evolution (SPM-960, Japan) laser Raman spectrometer with a laser wavelength of 633 nm. The contact angle (CA) of deionised water on the surface of the sample was measured with a video contact angle meter (OCA25, Dataphysics, Germany). Here, CA was defined as the angle between the edge of the water droplet and the surface of the material. In these measurements, deionised water droplets were deposited on the surface of the material at three different points for each specimen used for the measurements, and the average CA was calculated. These values were used to analyse the changes in the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the PEEK, SPEEK, and SPEEK-GO specimen surfaces.
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