K2so4

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in Germany, United States

K2SO4 is a chemical compound that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is a white, crystalline solid with the chemical formula K2SO4. K2SO4 is soluble in water and is often used in various scientific applications.

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Lab products found in correlation

34 protocols using k2so4

Electrochemical Reaction Protocols with Purified Electrolytes

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The electrolytes were prepared
from KHCO₃ (99.95%, Sigma-Aldrich), KOH (99.99%, Sigma-Aldrich),
K₂SO₄ (99.999% Suprapur, Sigma-Aldrich), NaClO₄ (Emsure, Sigma-Aldrich), HClO₄ (60%, Emsure, Sigma-Aldrich),
NaCl (99.99% Suprapur, Merck), Pb(ClO₄)₂ (99.995%,
Sigma-Aldrich), and Milli-Q water (≥18.2 MΩ cm, TOC <
5 ppb). H₂SO₄ (95–98%, Sigma-Aldrich),
H₂O₂ (35%, Merck), and KMnO₄ (99%,
Sigma-Aldrich) were used to clean the cells. The KHCO₃ and
KOH + K₂SO₄ electrolytes were stored with Chelex
(100 sodium form, Sigma-Aldrich) to clean the electrolyte from any
metal impurities.^{25 (link)} The KOH + K₂SO₄ electrolyte was stored in a plastic container to prevent
contamination by leaching of metals from glass. Ar (5.0 purity, Linde),
He (5.0 purity, Linde), CO (4.7 purity, Linde), and CO₂ (4.5 purity, Linde) were used for purging the electrolytes.

Vos R.E., Kolmeijer K.E., Jacobs T.S., van der Stam W., Weckhuysen B.M, & Koper M.T. (2023). How Temperature Affects the Selectivity of the Electrochemical CO2 Reduction on Copper. ACS Catalysis, 13(12), 8080-8091.

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Preparation of Aqueous Ionic Solutions

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Tris-HCl, Ca(NO₃)₂, NH₄H₂PO₄, and K₂SO₄ (99.99% purity) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Poly-L-lysine (PLL) in H₂O (0.1% w/v) was obtained from Ted Pella. The chemicals were used without further purification. Milli-Q water (resistivity = 18.2 MΩ· cm at 25 °C) was used in the experiments. All solutions were filtered (0.2 μm pore size;, Corning) prior to use.

Tao J., Buchko G.W., Shaw W.J., De Yoreo J.J, & Tarasevich B.J. (2015). Sequence-Defined Energetic Shifts Control the Disassembly Kinetics and Microstructure of Amelogenin Adsorbed onto Hydroxyapatite (100). Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids, 31(38), 10451-10460.

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Culturing Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains

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Chemicals were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA) unless otherwise stated. P. aeruginosa (PA01) was purchased from the University of Washington Genome center (Seattle, WA, USA). The PA01-derived strain with an unmarked, in-frame deletion of the bfd gene (Δbfd) had been prepared previously [16 (link)]. All strains were maintained on Pseudomonas Isolation Agar (PIA, BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA). Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation (PI) media was used to culture cells. PI media contains 20 g L⁻¹ peptone, 1.4 g L⁻¹ MgCl₂·6H₂O, 10 g L⁻¹ K₂SO₄, 25 mg L⁻¹ irgasan (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and 20 mL L⁻¹ glycerol, pH 7.0. PI media was supplemented with 10 µM iron using a 10 mM stock of (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂ (pH~2.0).

Punchi Hewage A.N., Fontenot L., Guidry J., Weldeghiorghis T., Mehta A.K., Donnarumma F, & Rivera M. (2020). Mobilization of Iron Stored in Bacterioferritin Is Required for Metabolic Homeostasis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pathogens, 9(12), 980.

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Synthesis of Metal Chalcogenide Compounds

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All materials were used as received without further purification. NiSO₄ ⋅ 6H₂O (ReagentPlus, >99 % pure), FeSO₄ ⋅ 7H₂O (ReagentPlus, >99 % pure), NaMoO₄ ⋅ 2H₂O (ACS reagent, >99 % pure), NaOH (99.99 % trace metals, semiconductor grade), KOH (ACS reagent, >85 % pure, ca. 15 % H₂O), Thioacetamide (ACS reagent, >99 % pure), NaOH (99.99 %, trace metals, semiconductor grade), LiOH ⋅ H₂O (99.95 %, trace metals), Na₂SO₄ (ACS reagent, ≥99.0 %), K₂SO₄ (ReagentPlus, ≥99.0 %), Li₂SO₄ ⋅ H₂O (BioUltra, ≥99.0 %) and Na₃C₆H₅O₇ ⋅ 2H₂O (sodium citrate, ACS reagent, >99 % pure) were received from Sigma Aldrich. NH₃ 28–30 % (ACS reagent, ph. Eur. for analysis) was obtained from Emsure. In all experiments deionized water was used.

Wijten J.H., Garcia‐Torregrosa I., Dijkman E.A, & Weckhuysen B.M. (2020). Basicity and Electrolyte Composition Dependent Stability of Ni‐Fe‐S and Ni‐Mo Electrodes during Water Splitting. Chemphyschem, 21(6), 518-524.

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Measuring Algal Nitrate Uptake Kinetics

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The bulk pH and nitrate concentrations of each of the cultures were measured at each of the sample intervals for integration with the data matrix. pH was measured using a standard calibrated pH/conductivity meter (Orion, USA). Nitrate concentration was measured using a DJM Micro Nitrate ISE (Lazar Research Laboratories, Inc., USA) in conjunction with a double junction reference electrode filled with a 0.1 M lithium acetate solution. An ionic strength adjuster (ISA) was employed at 1:1 volume ratio with the freshly collected algae sample to minimize interference from chloride ion in the media. The ISA was comprised of 60.3 mM K₂SO₄ (Sigma) and 10 mM Ag₂SO₄ (Sigma), and adjusted to pH 2.75 with 0.1 M H₂SO₄. Standard curves for nitrate were generated for each of the salinity adjusted media using media controls spanning a range of NaNO₃ from 0–3 mM. Quantitation of nitrate uptake (Δ[NO₃⁻]) was performed by comparing readings made immediately following re-addition of medium and at the subsequent harvest interval.

Davis R.W., Carvalho B.J., Jones H.D, & Singh S. (2014). The role of photo-osmotic adaptation in semi-continuous culture and lipid particle release from Dunaliella viridis. Journal of Applied Phycology, 27(1), 109-123.

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Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication

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The SnO₂ colloidal dispersions, featuring a particle size of 3–5 nm and diluted with 15% water, were obtained from Alfa Aesar. Meanwhile, flourine–doped tin oxide (FTO) with a R_sheet of 15 Ω/sq, thickness of 600 nm, and a light transmittance of >85% was procured from Beijing Huamin New Material Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China. Lead iodide (PbI₂), MAI, FAI, MACl, MABr, and Spiro-OMeTAD were sourced from Xi’an Shuoyuan Optoelectronic Technology Co., Ltd., Xian, China, and supporting reagents such as K₂SO₄, triethylsilane, N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), chlorobenzene (CB), 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP), anhydrous isopropanol (IPA), and lithium bisfluoromethane sulfonamide (Li-TFSI) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co., Ltd., St. Louis, MO, USA. Artemisinin was also procured from Sigma.

Huang Y., Yu G., Khan D., Wang S., Sui Y., Yang X., Zhuang Y., Tang J., Gao H., Xin M., Aierken A, & Tang Z. (2023). A Functional Biological Molecule Restores the PbI2 Residue-Induced Defects in Two-Step Fabricated Perovskites. Molecules, 28(20), 7120.

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Electrodeposition of NiHCF Thin Films

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NiHCF thin films were electrodeposited using the cathodic deposition technique.31 Briefly, 1 mm diameter GCE was cycled from 0.85 V to 0.00 V vs Ag/AgCl 3 M KCl using a scan rate of 25 mV s⁻¹ in a freshly prepared solution of 2 mM K₃FeCN)₆ (Sigma‐Aldrich), 2 mM NiSO₄ (Sigma‐Aldrich) and 0.5 M K₂SO₄ (Sigma‐Aldrich). Before cycling, the GCE electrode was polished using 0.250 μm, and 0.1 μm polishing pads (Struers) with the corresponding diamond suspension (Struers) on a polishing machine with 300 rpm. After polishing, the electrode was sonicated in water for 3 minutes and then cleaned electrochemically by cycling in 1 M H₂SO₄ from 1.5 V to −0.250 V vs Ag/AgCl using a scan rate of 25 mV s⁻¹.

Erinmwingbovo C., Koster D., Brogioli D, & La Mantia F. (2019). Dynamic Impedance Spectroscopy of Nickel Hexacyanoferrate Thin Films. Chemelectrochem, 6(21), 5387-5395.

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Ceruloplasmin Oxidase Activity Measurement

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KH₂PO₄ (POCH, Poland), K₂HPO₄ (POCH, Poland), K₂SO₄ (POCH, Poland), 1-octanethiol (HS–C₈H₁₇; Sigma Aldrich), 8-mercapto-1-octanol (HS–C₈H₁₆–OH; Sigma Aldrich), 8-amino-1-octanethiol (HS–C₈H₁₆–NH₂; Sigma Aldrich), 8-mercaptooctanoic acid (HS–C₇H₁₄–COOH; Sigma Aldrich) and human ceruloplasmin (Cp; Sigma Aldrich) were of the highest purity available. Sodium hydroxide, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, dibasic potassium phosphate, potassium sulphate and potassium ferrocyanide were purchased from Avantor Performance Materials Poland. All solutions were prepared on the basis of ultrapure deionized water with conductivity equal 0.060 μS cm⁻¹ (Hydrolab). Due to the fact that chloride ions deactivate the oxidase activity of ceruloplasmin the catalytic measurements (chronoamperometry) were performed in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB) of pH 7.0 with addition of 0.15 M K₂SO₄.^{35 (link)}

Kowalczyk A., Yu C, & Nowicka A.M. (2022). Ceruloplasmin in flatland: the relationship between enzyme catalytic activity and surface hydrophilicity. RSC Advances, 12(39), 25388-25396.

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Biochemical Compound Preparation Protocol

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MnCl₂, KMnO₄, (NH₄)₂HPO₄, Ca(NO₃)₂, K₂SO₄, NaCl, citric acid monohydrate, glutathione, glucose, saccharose, glycine, methionine, lysine, cysteine, tryptophan, methionine, deionized water, and human serum, were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA.

Le T.H., Lee H.J, & Tran Q.N. (2022). Glutathione Fluorescence Sensing Based on a Co-Doped Carbon Dot/Manganese Dioxide Nanocoral Composite. Materials, 15(23), 8677.

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Washability and Humidity Effects on rGO-Cotton

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The washability of
the rGO coated cotton fabrics was assessed according to BS EN ISO
105 C06 A1S, by treating rGO coated fabrics in a solution containing
4 g/L ECE reference detergent B and 10 stainless steel balls at 40
°C for 30 min. Ten steel balls were used to simulate the agitation
and abrasion that a garment is subject to during a standard washing
cycle. The fabrics were rinsed subsequently in running water at ambient
temperature and air-dried at room temperature prior to further analysis.
The influence of humidity was measured by exposing the sample to
a range of controlled relative humidity (RH) levels, 11%, 53%, and
97%. To produce different RH environments, saturated aqueous solutions
of LiCl and K₂SO4 were prepared (Sigma-Aldrich) and placed
in airtight glass vessels at a temperature of 24 °C, which yielded
atmospheres with RHs of 11% and 97%, respectively. The 53% RH is the
room RH level. The complex impedance spectra (CIS) and I–V data of the sample were measured using
a portable electrochemical interface and impedance analyzer (Ivium
Technologies B.V., Eindhoven, Netherlands).

Karim N., Afroj S., Tan S., He P., Fernando A., Carr C, & Novoselov K.S. (2017). Scalable Production of Graphene-Based Wearable E-Textiles. ACS Nano, 11(12), 12266-12275.

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