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104 protocols using anti erk1 2

1

FLT3 and PIK3 Signaling Pathway Analysis

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IL-3 (Pepro Tech) was withdrawn from the BaF3 cells transduced with the FLT3 or PIK3 constructs overnight, followed by 6h serum starvation in 0.3% fetal calf serum (Hyclone). For FLT3, cells were resuspended in 1 ml of media with or without 100ng/ml FLT3 ligand (GenScript) for 5 minutes, washed once in ice cold PBS and lysed with 1X RIPA (Cell Signaling Technology) containing Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (Sigma-Aldrich), PhosSTOP (Roche) and PMSF (Sigma-Aldrich). Western Blot was performed according to standard protocols. In brief, 50μg of protein were separated on 10% Bis-Tris Gels (Life Technologies) and transferred to PVDF membranes (Life Technologies). The following antibodies were used: anti-FLT3 (clone 8F2), anti-phospho-FLT3 (Y591, clone 54H10), anti-STAT5, anti-phospho-STAT5 (Y694, clone C11C5), anti-ERK1/2, anti-phospho-ERK1/2 (T202/Y204, clone 20G11), anti-GAPDH (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-PIK3CA, anti-PIK3R1, anti-AKT (clone 40D4), anti-phospho-AKT (S473, clone D9E), anti-pS6 (clone 5G10), anti-phospho-pS6 (S240/244). All antibodies, except GAPDH, were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology. The phospho antibodies were used at a 1:500 dilution. The total antibodies were used at a 1:2000 dilution and the control antibody was used at a 1:10000 dilution.
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2

Investigating SKA1 and Apoptosis Pathways

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TRIzol reagent and Lipofectamine 2000 were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). The First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit and SYBR Premix Taq were from Takara (Dalian, Liaoning, China). 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and the anti-BrdU antibody were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). DAPI, BCA protein assay and ECL Plus kits were obtained from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Beijing, China). BD BioCoat Matrigel invasion chambers were purchased from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, USA).
The primary antibodies against human SKA1 and cleaved caspase-3 were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). Anti-Bcl-2, anti-Bax, anti-p-ERK1/2, anti-ERK1/2, anti-p-Akt, anti-Akt, anti-p21, anti-cyclin D1 and anti-GAPDH were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). The horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit and anti-mouse IgG secondary antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Biotinylated- and Cy3-conjugated anti-rabbit secondary antibodies were purchased form Boster (Wuhan, Hubei, China).
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3

Protein Extraction and Western Blotting

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Cells were lysed for 30 min in Triton buffer (1% Triton X-100, 50 mM Tris-HCl [pH 7.6], 150 mM NaCl, 1% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS) supplemented with protease and phosphatase inhibitors (1 mM PMSF, 2 mM sodium pyrophosphate, 2 mM sodium betaglycerophosphate, 1 mM sodium fluoride, 1 mM sodium orthovanadate, 10 μg/ml leupeptin, and 10 μg/ml aprotinin). Lysates were cleared by centrifugation at 15,000 × g at 4°C for 15 min, and protein concentrations were determined via the Bradford method. 50 μg of protein were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred onto Immobilon-P membranes. Proteins were detected by using anti-LETM2 (Proteintech, 17180-1-AP), anti-FGFR1 (Abcam cat# ab76464; RRID: AB_1523613), anti-WHSC1L1 (Abcam, ab180500), anti-CDCA7 (Abcam cat# ab69609; RRID: AB_1268064), anti-ERK1/2 (Santa Cruz, sc-514302), anti-p-ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology cat# 4376; RRID: AB_331772), anti-AKT1 (Cell Signaling Technology cat# 2967; RRID: AB_331160), and anti-p-AKT1 (Cell Signaling Technology cat# 9018). Antibody binding was detected using horseradish peroxidase-labeled anti-mouse (Sigma) or anti-rabbit (Cell Signaling) antibodies and chemiluminescence was detected with a LAS4000 device (Fuji). Equal protein loading was confirmed with antibodies against GAPDH (Transgen).
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4

Western Blot Analysis of Protein Targets

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Total proteins were isolated from the cell extracts, and 30 μg of protein were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). After probing with primary antibodies, membranes were washed in Tris-buffered saline that contained 0.05% Tween-20 (TBST) and incubated with a horse-radish peroxidase-linked secondary antibody. Finally, the obtained bands were detected using an Enhanced Chemiluminescence Detection Kit (Amersham). The primary antibodies used were as follows: anti-FLAG (Sigma-Aldrich), anti-p-H2AX (Ser-139) (Cell Signaling Technology), anti-ROC1 (Epitomics), anti-DDB1 (Epitomics), anti-DCAF1 (ProteinTech), anti-RASSF5 (Abcam), anti-TET1 (Abcam) and anti-ERK1/2 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) antibodies (1:1000).
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5

Protein Expression and Imaging Protocol

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Anti-PDIA1 (BD Bioscience, #610946, 1:1000), PDI Monoclonal Antibody RL90 (#MA3-019, 1:200) p-VEGFR2(1175) (Cell Signaling (CS), #3770, 1:1000), anti-VEGFR2 (CS#2479, 1:1000), anti-p-ERK1/2 (CS#9101, 1:1000), anti-ERK1/2 (CS#9102, 1:1000), anti-p-cSrc (CS#2101 1:1000), anti-cSrc (Santa Cruz # 5266, 1:1000), anti-PTP1B (D-4)(Santa Cruz, #133259, 1:1000), anti-Actin (Santa Cruz, #47778, 1:1000), anti-Rab5 (Santa Cruz #46692, 1:200), anti-Rab7 (B-3) (Santa Cruz# 376362, 1:200), anti CD31 (BD Biosciences# 550274, 1:200), anti-IsolectinB4 (Vector #B-1205, 1:200), anti-Flag (Sigma, #F7425, 1:1000) were used. Secondary antibodies, Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG–HRP conjugate (Bio Rad, #170-6515, 1:2000), Goat Anti-mouse IgG–HRP conjugate (Bio Rad, #170-6516, 1:2000), Alexa Fluor 568 goat anti Rat IgG (Invitrogen, # A-11077, 1:1000), Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti mouse IgG (Invitrogen, # A11001, 1:1000), Alexa Fluor-488-goat anti rabbit IgG (Invitrogen, #A11008), Alexa Fluor-546-goat anti mouse IgG (Invitrogen, #A11003), Alexa Fluor-546-goat anti rabbit IgG (Invitrogen, #A11010), Alexa Fluor-488-goat anti mouse IgG (Invitrogen, #A11001)were used.
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6

Investigating Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Cancer

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PD0325901 and PD-1 blocking antibody (pembrolizumab) were purchased from Selleck Chemicals. Anti-PD-L1, anti-phospho ERK1/2 and anti-ERK1/2 antibodies were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. The antibody against GAPDH was purchased from Proteintech. The anti-mouse CD3 and granzyme B antibodies for immunohistochemistry were purchased from Abcam. The anti-human PD-L1 and p-ERK1/2 for immunohistochemistry were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. The anti-human CD3 and CD8 antibodies for immunohistochemistry were purchased from Zsbio. Dimethyl sulfoxide and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were products of Sigma–Aldrich. DMEM and fetal bovine serum were products of Gibco. Penicillin, streptomycin and trypsin were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific. InVivoMab anti-mouse PD-1 (CD279) was purchased from BioXcell.
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7

Protein Extraction and Western Blot Analysis

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Tissue protein was extracted with a protein extracting reagent (BioTeke Corporation, Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer's directions, while cell protein was extracted through RIPA buffer supplemented with 1% protease inhibitors (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). After centrifugation, the protein content was measured by a BCA Protein Assay Kit (Solarbio, Beijing, China). According to the standard procedures of western blot, total proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA), and then blocked with 5% skim milk in TBST. After being incubated with antibodies, the membranes were visualized with the ECL procedure (Millipore, USA) to get protein bands, which were analyzed by ImageJ software. The primary antibodies included anti-HMGN5, anti-Bcl-2, anti-Bax, anti-Cyclin D1, anti-p21, anti-MMP-2, anti-MMP-9, anti-AKT, anti-p-AKT, anti-ERK1/2, anti-p-ERK1/2 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., USA), and anti-β-actin (WanleiBio, Shenyang, China). The secondary antibodies included HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG and goat anti-mouse IgG (OriGene Technologies, USA).
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8

Western Blot Analysis of Aorta and Macrophages

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Lysates of aorta or macrophages were prepared and then separated by 10% SDS‐PAGE. Briefly, cells were homogenized and lysed with RIPA lysis buffer. 40 μg protein per lane was separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and electroblotted onto a poly (vinylidene difluoride) membrane (GE Healthcare). Following that, non‐specific binding was blocked by incubating with 5% non‐fat milk in TBST buffer at room temperature for 1 hr. The transferred proteins were incubated overnight at 4°C with various primary antibodies in Tris‐buffered saline with Tween buffer (20 mM Tris‐HCl, 150 mM NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20) followed by incubation with horseradish peroxidase‐conjugated secondary antibodies for 1 hr. Primary antibodies including anti‐tenascin‐c (1:500; Santa Cruz Biotech), anti‐annexin II (1:500; Santa Cruz Biotech), anti‐Akt (1:500; Santa Cruz Biotech), anti‐p‐Akt (1:500; Santa Cruz Biotech), anti‐p65 (1:500; Santa Cruz Biotech), anti‐p‐p65 (1:600; Santa Cruz Biotech), anti‐ERK1/2 (1:800; Santa Cruz Biotech), anti‐p‐ERK1/2 (1:800; Santa Cruz Biotech), anti‐HIF‐1α (1:500; Santa Cruz Biotech) and anti‐HIF‐2α (1:600; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) were employed. After extensive washes in Tris‐buffered saline with Tween buffer, the signals on the membrane were visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence (GE Healthcare).
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9

Western Blotting Analysis of Signaling Pathways

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Whole‐cell lysates were prepared in M‐PER buffer supplemented with protease inhibitor and phosphatase inhibitor (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), resolved by SDS/PAGE, and blotted with indicated antibodies. SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent Substrate and SuperSignal Western Blot Enhancer (Thermo Fisher Scientific) were used to enhance blotting signal when needed. The following antibodies were used in this study: anti‐MAP4K4, anti‐phospho‐ERK1/2, anti‐phospho‐JNK, anti‐JNK, anti‐phospho‐p38, anti‐p38, anti‐AKT, anti‐phospho‐AKT, anti‐MEK1/2, anti‐phospho‐MEK1/2, anti‐RAS and anti‐PP2A‐C (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA); anti‐ERK1/2, anti‐GAPDH, anti‐β‐actin, anti‐PP2A‐B56β, and anti‐MKP3 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA); anti‐6Χ HIS (Immunology Consultants Laboratory, Inc., Lake Oswego, OR, USA). Erlotinib and trametinib were purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX, USA). The protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) inhibitor okadaic acid (OA) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. The PP2A activator FTY720 was purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). MAP4K4 inhibitor PF‐06260933 was purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Avonmouth, Bristol, UK). EGF was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific.
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10

Western Blot Analysis of Protein Signaling

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Proteins were extracted from lung tissue and cell samples through homogenization in RIPA lysis and extraction buffer (ThermoFisher Scientific) according to the manufacturers’ instructions. After denature in SDS loading buffer, protein samples were separated by 8% or 10% SDS-PAGE and then transferred to PVDF membranes (Millipore). After block with 5% BSA diluted in TBST, the membranes were probed overnight at 4 °C with the following primary antibodies: anti-TRPM7 (Abcam, ab729), anti-β-actin (Santa Cruz, sc-81178), anti-cleaved caspase-3 (Cell Signaling Technology, 9661), anti-p-MEK 1/2 (Santa Cruz, sc-81503), anti-MEK 1/2 (Santa Cruz, sc-81504), anti-p-ERK 1/2 (Santa Cruz, sc-81492), anti-ERK 1/2 (Santa Cruz, sc-292838). After wash with TBST, the membranes were further incubated with secondary antibodies conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Protein bands were detected by chemiluminescence with the ECL detection reagent (Amersham Biosciences). The densitometric analysis of protein bands was performed by ImageJ software [48 (link)]. Results were normalized to those of β-actin.
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