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5 protocols using 3h norepinephrine

1

Synthesis and Evaluation of Substituted Phenethylamines and Amphetamines

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All of the 2,5-dimethoxy-4-substituted phenethylamines (2C-O-2, 2C-O-16, 2C-O-3, 2C-O-27, 2C-O-21, 2C-O-21.5 and 2C-O-22) and the 2,5-dimethoxy-4-substituted amphetamines (TMA-2, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-isopropoxyamphetamine (MIPM), 4-allyloxy-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine (MALM), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methallyloxyamphetamine (MMALM), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(2-fluoroethoxy)amphetamine (MFEM), 4-(2,2-difluoroethoxy)-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine (MDFEM), and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)amphetamine (MTFEM). all racemates) were synthetized in the hydrochloride form by ReseaChem (Burgdorf, Switzerland) as previously described (Shulgin and Shulgin, 1991 (link); Trachsel, 2003 (link); Trachsel et al., 2013 (link)). Purity for all described substances was >98%. [3H]5-HT (80.0 Ci/mmol) was acquired from Anawa (Zurich, Switzerland). [3H]dopamine (30.0 Ci/mmol) and [3H]norepinephrine (13.1 Ci/mmol) were purchased from Perkin-Elmer (Schwerzenbach, Switzerland).
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Synthesis and Testing of Phenethylamine Derivatives

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Full names and abbreviations of the test compounds are provided in Supplementary Table S1. The 3,5-dimethoxy-4-substituted phenethylamines (mescaline [5], MDFM [11], DFM [12], TFM [13], FE [16], DFE [17], TFE [18], IP [22], DFIP [23], FP [25], TFP [26], CP [29], MAL [32], BZ [33]) and the 3,5-dimethoxy-4-substituted amphetamines (TMA [6], 3C-DFM [14], 3C-DFE [19], 3C-FE [20], 3C-E [21], 3C-FP [27], 3C-P [28], 3C-AL [31]) were synthesized as racemates as previously described (Shulgin and Shulgin 1991 ; Trachsel 2002 (link); Trachsel 2003 (link); Trachsel et al., 2013 ), and provided as hydrochloride salts for pharmacological testing by ReseaChem (Burgdorf, Switzerland). Purity of all substances was >98%. [3H]serotonin (80.0 Ci/mmol) was purchased from Anawa (Zurich, Switzerland). [3H]dopamine (30.0 Ci/mmol) and [3H]norepinephrine (13.1 Ci/mmol) were obtained from Perkin-Elmer (Schwerzenbach, Switzerland).
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Radiolabeled Compounds for Neurotransmitter Assays

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All of the chemicals, unless otherwise stated, were from Sigma-Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany). Citalopram was purchased from Biotrend (Cologne, Germany) and collagenase D was from Serva (Heidelberg, Germany). [3H]DHEAS (70.5 Ci/mmol), [3H]E-3-S (45.6 Ci/mmol), [3H]aspartate (11.3 Ci/mmol), [3H]GABA (76.2 Ci/mmol), [3H]histamine (13.4 Ci/mmol), [3H]choline chloride (66.7 Ci/mmol), [3H]norepinephrine (56.6 Ci/mmol), [3H]serotonin (28.25 Ci/mmol), [3H]dopamine (38.7 Ci/mmol), [3H]glutamate (49.6 Ci/mmol), [3H]ATP (30.9 Ci/mmol), [35S]Adenosine 5′-(γ-thio) triphosphate (12.5 mCi/mmol) and [3H]acetylcholine iodide (99.7 Ci/mmol) were purchased from PerkinElmer Life Sciences (Boston, MA, USA). [3H]PREGS (20 Ci/mmol), [3H]taurocholic acid (10.0 Ci/mmol), [3H]acetate (150 mCi/mmol), and [3H]lithocholic acid (50 Ci/mmol) were obtained from American Radiolabeled Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA).
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Radiolabeled Neurotransmitter Uptake Assay

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Non-radiolabeled serotonin and compounds fluoxetine, citalopram, desipramine, paroxetine, cocaine and amphetamine were purchased from Millipore-Sigma (Billerica, MA, USA).
D-PBS was purchased from Invitrogen Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Culture media for cell lines, including Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) with glucose, fetal bovine serum and penicillin/streptomycin were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA).
Transfection reagent TransIT-LT1 was from Mirus Bio LLC (Madison, WI, USA).
Radiolabeled substrates [3H]-dopamine (53.6 Ci/mmol), [3H]-serotonin (28.2 Ci/mmol), [3H]-norepinephrine (14.9 Ci/mmol), [3H]-glutamic acid (51.1 Ci/mmol), [3H]-glycine (48.7 Ci/mmol) and [3H]-GABA (92.1 Ci/mmol) were purchased from Perkin Elmer (Boston, MA, USA).
Scintillation fluid (Ecolite) was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA).
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5

Molecular Modeling of Neurotransmitter Binding

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Molecular modeling was performed using MOE
v2010 and v2011.10 software from Chemical Computing Group (Montreal,
Quebec, CA). The radioligands [3H]serotonin (∼28
Ci/mmol), [3H]dopamine (∼26 Ci/mmol), [3H]norepinephrine (∼26 Ci/mmol), and [125I]RTI-55
(∼2200 Ci/mmol) were obtained from PerkinElmer Life and Analytical
Sciences (Foster City, CA). Nonradioactive citalopram, mazindol, nisoxetine,
and fluvoxamine were obtained from Tocris Bioscience (Ellisville,
MO). Virtual screening hit compounds were purchased from Ambinter
(Orleans, FR). C57BL/6J mice were obtained from The Jackson Laboratory
(Bar Harbor, ME). Data analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism
5.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA).
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