Surestep blood glucose meter

Retrospective CGM systems (iPro 2; Medtronic Inc, Northridge, CA, USA) were used for subcutaneous interstitial glucose monitoring. All participants had the sensor inserted (Enlite; Medtronic Inc) on the first day of hospital admission and removed after 7 days, generating a daily record of 288 glucose values. At least four capillary blood glucose levels per day were measured using SureStep blood glucose meter (LifeScan, Milpitas, CA, USA) to calibrate the CGM systems. AUC for glucose >10.0 mmol/L, between 3.9 and 10.0 mmol/L, and <3.9 mmol/L were calculated according to the trapezoidal rule. AucIR was defined as the average percentage of AUC for glucose between 3.9 and 10.0 mmol/L, in the sum of AUC above, between and below these thresholds during a 24‐h period (Figure 1b). TIR was defined as the average percentage of time for glucose between 3.9 and 10 mmol/L during a 24‐h period. Glucose management indicator was calculated from the mean sensor glucose by the equation: glucose management indicator (%) = 3.31 + 0.023923 × mean glucose (mg/dL)¹⁴. Within‐day glycemic variability metrics including coefficient of variation, standard deviation (SD) and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions were also calculated. High blood glucose index and low blood glucose index were calculated to reflect the risk of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, respectively¹⁵.

Blood was collected weekly from tail veins, and blood glucose levels were measured using a validated one-touch basic glucose measurement system (SureStep blood glucose meter; LifeScan, USA). Body weight was also measured weekly from baseline. Food intake and water consumption of the control and STZ-treated groups were recorded twice a week at 09:00.

A retrospective CGM system (CGMS GOLD; Medtronic Inc., Northridge, CA, USA) was used for glucose monitoring, as previously described.^{[8 (link)]} In brief, the sensor of the CGM system was inserted on day 0 and removed after 72 h, generating a daily record of 288 continuous sensor values. At least four capillary blood glucose readings per day were measured by a SureStep blood glucose meter (LifeScan, Milpitas, CA, USA) to calibrate the CGM system. TIR was defined as the average percentage of time in the target glucose range of 70 to 180 mg/dL (3.9–10.0 mmol/L) during a 24 h period. TAR was defined as the average percentage of time above the target glucose range of 180 mg/dL (10.0 mmol/L). TBR was defined as the average percentage of time below the target glucose range of 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L).