A regenerative amplifier (Spitfire, Spectra-Physics) seeded by a Ti:sapphire oscillator (MaiTai SP, Spectra-Physics) was used to produce about 7 W of 800 nm, 35 fs pulses at a 2 kHz repetition rate. Around 40% output beam was used to generate a broadband IR beam (∼500 cm−1) centered at about 3,300 cm−1 by pumping an TOPAS-C/DFG system (Spectra-Physics), while the rest of the output beam was used to generate a narrowband beam (NIR) of ∼3 nm bandwidth by passing through an interference filter (LL01-808-25, Semrock). The NIR and IR beams were then focused and overlapped at the silica/water interface with incident angles of 45° and 60° (in air), respectively. The generated SFG signal was detected by a spectrograph (Acton SP300i, Princeton Instruments) and CCD camera (PyLoN: 400BR eXcelon, Princeton Instruments). All SF experiments were conducted in the atmosphere and room temperature. The beam polarization combination used was SSP (S for the SF beam, S for NIR, and P for IR).
Acton sp300i
Manufactured by Teledyne
Sourced in United States
The Acton SP300i is a spectrograph designed for spectroscopy applications. It features a Czerny-Turner optical design and is capable of operating in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared wavelength regions. The instrument provides high resolution and accuracy for precise spectral analysis.
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4 protocols using acton sp300i
1
Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy at Silica-Water Interface
2
Hypericin Fluorescence Spectra Acquisition
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Fluorescence spectra were recorded using a spectrometer (Acton SP300i, Princeton Instruments, USA) with a thermoelectrically cooled CCD camera (PIXIS 100, Princeton Instruments, USA). The wavelength range of the spectrometer was set to 480–760 nm. A long-pass filter (EdgeBasic™ Long Wave Pass 405) was applied to remove the laser signal from the spectra. The acquisition time for each hypericin spectrum was 250 ms. Fluorescence spectra were acquired using Winspec® software (Princeton Instruments, USA).
3
Multimodal Characterization of Nanostructures
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The STM and AFM measurements
were performed with a home-built combined STM/AFM setup operating
at ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) conditions (p ≈
1 × 10–10 mbar) and low temperatures (T ≈ 5 K). The microscope is equipped with a qPlus
force sensor63 (link) operated in the frequency
modulation mode64 (link) (resonance frequency f0 ≈ 30 kHz, quality factor Q ≈ 100 000, spring constant k ≈
1800 N m–1, oscillation amplitude A ≈ 0.5 Å). The bias voltage is applied to the sample.
All STM images were acquired in constant-current mode, AFM images
were taken in constant-height mode at 0 V bias voltage. For optical
detection, we used a spectrograph (Acton SP-300i, Princeton Instruments)
coupled to a liquid nitrogen cooled CCD camera (PyLoN, Princeton Instruments)
with a spectral resolution of about 0.2 nm and a solid angle for the
detection of Ω ≈ 0.03. STM-LE spectra were recorded in
an energy range of 1.28–3.07 eV (404–969 nm) and 1.18–2.53
eV (491–1054 nm) and by averaging over several frames, where
each frame typically lasted 3 to 4 min, yielding total acquisition
times per spectrum between 8 and 60 min. The shown spectra are background
corrected.
were performed with a home-built combined STM/AFM setup operating
at ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) conditions (p ≈
1 × 10–10 mbar) and low temperatures (T ≈ 5 K). The microscope is equipped with a qPlus
force sensor63 (link) operated in the frequency
modulation mode64 (link) (resonance frequency f0 ≈ 30 kHz, quality factor Q ≈ 100 000, spring constant k ≈
1800 N m–1, oscillation amplitude A ≈ 0.5 Å). The bias voltage is applied to the sample.
All STM images were acquired in constant-current mode, AFM images
were taken in constant-height mode at 0 V bias voltage. For optical
detection, we used a spectrograph (Acton SP-300i, Princeton Instruments)
coupled to a liquid nitrogen cooled CCD camera (PyLoN, Princeton Instruments)
with a spectral resolution of about 0.2 nm and a solid angle for the
detection of Ω ≈ 0.03. STM-LE spectra were recorded in
an energy range of 1.28–3.07 eV (404–969 nm) and 1.18–2.53
eV (491–1054 nm) and by averaging over several frames, where
each frame typically lasted 3 to 4 min, yielding total acquisition
times per spectrum between 8 and 60 min. The shown spectra are background
corrected.
4
Ultrasound-Induced Sonoluminescence Measurement
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In order to collect the light emitted from the bubble cloud that was generated by the ultrasonic transducer, the transducer itself inserted into the bottom of a Plexiglas tube (diameter: internal 30 mm, external 40 mm; Techno Plastic Products, Switzerland) filled with either 30 mL of 2 µM porphyrin in aqueous solution or with aqueous solution alone (control). The tube was inserted into a dark chamber at a constant temperature of 10°C (± 1°C). The emitted light was acquired by two quartz lenses, positioned at the top of the Plexiglas tube, that were coupled to a multicore UVvisible optical fibre connected to a monochromator (Acton SP 300i, Princeton Instruments, USA). Spectra (200-700 nm) were recorded using an LN cooled CCD (XDX mode l, Princeton Instruments) and were acquired over 3 min at a resolution of 1 nm [40] . Since SL emission decreases as the temperature of the liquid rises (a frequently observed phenomenon in liquids exposed to high-frequency US), we measured the temperature of the solution after each SL acquisition. The maximum temperature measured, using a needle thermocouple, was 35 °C, which is consistent with the experimental conditions for cell treatment. To improve the signal to noise ratio (S/N) of SL, experiments were also carried out while bubbling Ar in air-equilibrated solution for the duration of US exposure [41] .
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