Endorectal coil

Manufactured by Bayer

Sourced in United States, Netherlands

The Endorectal coil is a specialized piece of medical imaging equipment used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures. Its core function is to generate and detect radio frequency signals within the body, enabling high-quality imaging of the prostate and surrounding areas.

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Lab products found in correlation

8 channel abdominal array, by Bayer (2 mentions) Signa hdx 3.0t magnet, by GE Healthcare (2 mentions) Signa excite hd, by GE Healthcare (2 mentions) 3t mr scanner, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions) Achieva 3t scanner, by Philips (1 mentions) Pelvic phased array coil, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions) Achieva tx scanner, by Philips (1 mentions) Omniscan, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions) Achieva mr scanner, by Philips (1 mentions) Glucagon, by Eli Lilly (1 mentions) Achieva, by Philips (1 mentions)

11 protocols using endorectal coil

Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI Protocol for Prostate Cancer Evaluation

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DCE-MR images of 22 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer were acquired on a 3T MR scanner (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI)
using a combination of 8-channel abdominal array and endorectal coil (Medrad, Pittsburgh, PA). DCE MRI utilized a 3D SPGR
sequence with TE/TR = 3.6/1.3 ms, flip angle = 15̊, image matrix = 256 ×256, FOV = 26×26 cm², slice thickness = 6 mm,
number of measurements = 60 at 5 sec/volume, number of slices = 12 and 16. At first, five baseline dynamic scans were performed
before the injection of contrast agent and the subsequent scans started immediately after the injection of 3 mL/sec of Gadolinium,
followed by 20 ml saline flush at the same rate. The database was provided by QIN Prostate database of The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA)[15 (link)].

Navaei Lavasani S., Mostaar A, & Ashtiyani M. (2018). Automatic Prostate Cancer Segmentation Using Kinetic Analysis in Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI. Journal of Biomedical Physics & Engineering, 8(1), 107-116.

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Multiparametric MRI Protocol for Prostate Cancer

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All MR imaging exams were performed on a GE Signa HDx 3.0T magnet (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI) using a combination of an eight-channel abdominal array and endorectal coil (Medrad, Pittsburgh, PA). The multiparametric protocol (16 (link)) included T₁- and T₂-weighted imaging, DWI (b 0, 1400 s/mm²) and DCE MRI. DCE-MRI utilized a 3D SPGR sequence with TR/TE/α = 3.6 ms/1.3 ms/15°, FOV = 26 × 26 cm², with full gland coverage and an interpolated voxel size of 1 × 1 × 6 mm³. Frames were acquired at approximately 5-second intervals to achieve a clinically appropriate compromise between spatial and temporal resolution. Gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist, Berlex Laboratories, Wayne, NJ) was injected intravenously using a syringe pump (0.15 mmol/kg; rate 3 ml/sec). The protocol included ~5 baseline scans prior to contrast injection for estimation of baseline signal intensities.

Fennessy F.M., Fedorov A., Vangel M.G., Mulkern R.V., Tretiakova M., Lis R.T., Tempany C, & Taplin M.E. (2019). Multiparametric MRI as a Biomarker of Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy for Localized Prostate Cancer–A Pilot Study. Academic radiology, 27(10), 1432-1439.

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MRI Prostate Cancer Surveillance Protocol

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Eighteen low-risk patients with prostate cancer (aged 46–77 years), managed by active surveillance, underwent MRI examination under a protocol approved by our institutional research ethics committee. All studies were performed on an Achieva 3-T scanner (Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands) using an endorectal coil (MEDRAD, Indianola, PA, USA) combined with a phased-array coil. The endorectal coil was filled with 60 mL of perfluorocarbon for body tissue susceptibility matching 14 (link). A turbo spin-echo sequence was employed to acquire T₂-weighted images in the transverse plane using the following parameters: TR/TE = 3643/110 ms; four averages; matrix size, 220 × 184; slice thickness, 2.2 mm; slice separation, 0.1 mm; right–left field of view, 140 mm.

Basharat M., Jafar M., deSouza N.M, & Payne G.S. (2014). Evaluation of short-TE 1H MRSI for quantification of metabolites in the prostate. Nmr in Biomedicine, 27(4), 459-467.

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Multiparametric MRI of Prostate Cancer

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MRI was performed with a 1.5 T scanner (Symphony; Siemens AG, Erlangen, Germany) using an eight-channel phased array body coil combined with an endorectal coil (MEDRAD, Inc., Warrendale PA, USA). After digital rectal examination, the balloon of the endorectal coil was inflated with 60 mL of air. T2WI were obtained in axial, coronal, and sagittal planes using turbo spin echo sequences and the entire prostate was investigated. DWI was performed in the axial plane using echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequences at three b-values (0, 400, and 800 mm²/s) and restriction of diffusion was quantified by ADC values. T2WI parameters and DWI parameters are shown in Table 1.

Lebovici A., Sfrangeu S.A., Feier D., Caraiani C., Lucan C., Suciu M., Elec F., Iacob G, & Buruian M. (2014). Evaluation of the normal-to-diseased apparent diffusion coefficient ratio as an indicator of prostate cancer aggressiveness. BMC Medical Imaging, 14, 15.

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Multiparametric MRI Protocol for Prostate Cancer Imaging

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mpMRI studies were performed with a 3.0 T whole-body MR scanner (GE Healthcare;
Waukesha, WI, USA). All patients were imaged in a supine position using a body
coil for excitation, and a pelvic phased-array coil (GE Healthcare; Waukesha,
WI, USA) and an endorectal coil (Medrad; Pittsburgh, PA, USA) for signal
reception. After a three-dimensional localizer scan, axial T2-weighted and
diffusion-weighted MR images were obtained. Dynamically contrast enhanced images
were also acquired. Protocol details are given in Table 1.

Baghdanian A.A., Kim Y.J., Baghdanian A.H., Nguyen H.N., Shinohara K, & Westphalen A.C. (2019). Differences in negative predictive value of prostate MRI based in men with suspected or known cancer. Radiologia Brasileira, 52(5), 281-286.

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Prostate MRI Protocol for Tumor Identification

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Patients were examined on a 3.0T Achieva TX scanner (Philips Medical Systems, Best, The Netherlands) using an endorectal coil (Medrad, Pittsburgh, PA) inflated with 60 mL of perfluorocarbon in combination with a phased‐array surface coil. For T₂W‐MRI, a turbo spin‐echo sequence was used to acquire MR images in the transverse plane, using the following parameters: TR/TE = 3643/110 msec; four averages; matrix size, 220 × 184; slice thickness, 2.2 mm; slice separation, 0.1 mm; right–left field of view, 140 mm. DW‐MRI was performed with an echo‐planar sequence with matrix size, 176 × 176; slice thickness, 2.2 mm; slice separation, 0.1 mm; transverse field of view, 100 × 100 mm, b‐values 0, 100, 300, 500, and 800 s/mm². Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value maps were computed using a monoexponential fit. (Although we accept that it is commonly standard practice to exclude b = 0 from ADC calculations in order to reduce perfusion effects, that was not regarded necessary here since ADC values were only used to aid tumor identification.)

Basharat M., Payne G.S., Morgan V.A., Parker C., Dearnaley D, & deSouza N.M. (2015). TE = 32 ms vs TE = 100 ms echo‐time 1H‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy in prostate cancer: Tumor metabolite depiction and absolute concentrations in tumors and adjacent tissues. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 42(4), 1086-1093.

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T2w MRI Prostate Volume Dataset

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The dataset is composed of T2w MRI prostatic volumes of 60 male patients. T2w imaging was employed since it provides good contrast between anatomical characteristics of the organ and for this reason are helpful in concluding a diagnosis [25 (link)]. The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee and all the participants signed an informed consent form (protocol number: CE IRCCS 191/2014, approval date: 17 June 2014). The images were collected with a 1.5 T scanner (Signa Excite HD, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) using a four-channel phased-array coil combined with an endorectal coil (Medrad, Indianola, PA, USA). The following protocol was adopted to acquire the T2w images: slice thickness of 3 mm covering 7.2 cm, hence obtaining 24 slices per volume; field of view equal to 16 × 16 cm; acquisition matrix of 384 × 288 with a reconstruction matrix of 512 × 512 pixels. The prostate gland was segmented in T2w images by an expert radiologist, with 11 years of experience in MRI prostate examination. Manual annotations have been obtained using the 3D Slicer software [26 (link)]. An example of manual annotations is shown in Figure 1. Our dataset was divided into a construction set (45 patients) and test set (15 patients). The construction set was then divided into a training set (36 patients) and a validation set (9 patients).

Salvi M., De Santi B., Pop B., Bosco M., Giannini V., Regge D., Molinari F, & Meiburger K.M. (2022). Integration of Deep Learning and Active Shape Models for More Accurate Prostate Segmentation in 3D MR Images. Journal of Imaging, 8(5), 133.

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Multiparametric MRI Protocol for Prostate Cancer

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All MR scans were performed with both an endorectal coil (Medrad, Warrendale, PA) and a phased-array surface coil by using either a 1.5T or 3.0T Achieva MR scanner (Philips Medical Systems, Eindhoven, Netherlands [n = 131]), or a 1.5T Excite MR scanner (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI [n = 30]). Immediately before the MR scan, 1 mg glucagon (Lilly, Indianapolis, IN) was injected intramuscularly to reduce peristalsis of the rectum. We imaged the entire prostate and oriented axial images to be perpendicular to the rectal wall, based on the sagittal images. A parallel imaging factor of 2 was utilized in all sequences. The following image types were obtained: axial, coronal, and sagittal T₂-weighted fast spin echo (FSE), axial T₁-weighted FSE, axial free-breathing diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and axial free-breathing dynamic contrast enhanced-MR (DCE-MR) imaging. Acquisition of DCE-MR images (of the entire prostate) started 30 seconds before intravenous bolus administration of 0.1 mmol/kg Gadodiamide (Omniscan, GE Healthcare, Princeton, NJ), which was followed immediately by a 20-mL saline flush at the rate of 2.0 mL/s. The total image acquisition time was ~45 minutes. Due to logistic reasons, MRI protocols were not identical for patients with PCa and patients without PCa. Detailed T₂-weighted imaging acquisition protocols are given in the Appendix.

Peng Y., Shen D., Liao S., Turkbey B., Rais-Bahrami S., Wood B., Karademir I., Antic T., Yousef A., Jiang Y., Pinto P.A., Choyke P.L, & Oto A. (2015). MRI-Based Prostate Volume-Adjusted Prostate-Specific Antigen in the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI, 42(6), 1733-1739.

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Multiparametric MRI Acquisition Protocol

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All MR imaging exams were performed on a GE Signa HDx 3.0T magnet (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI) using a combination of 8-channel abdominal array and endorectal coil (Medrad, Pittsburgh, PA). The multiparametric protocol [18 (link)] included T₁- and T₂-weighted imaging, diffusion weighted imaging (b=500,1400), and DCE MRI. DCE-MRI utilized a 3D SPGR sequence with TR/TE/α = 3.6 ms/1.3 ms/15°, FOV = 26×26 cm², with full gland coverage and an interpolated voxel size of 1×1×6 mm³. Axial frames were acquired at approximately 5-second intervals to achieve a clinically appropriate compromise between spatial and temporal resolution. Gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist, Berlex Laboratories, Wayne, New Jersey) was injected intravenously into an antecubital vein using a syringe pump (0.15 mmol/kg; rate 3ml/sec), followed by 20ml saline flush. The protocol included ~5 baseline scans prior to contrast injection for estimation of baseline signal intensities.

Fennessy F.M., Fedorov A., Penzkofer T., Kim K.W., Hirsch M.S., Vangel M.G., Masry P., Flood T.A., Chang M.C., Tempany C.M., Mulkern R.V, & Gupta S.N. (2015). Quantitative pharmacokinetic analysis of prostate cancer DCE-MRI at 3T: Comparison of two arterial input functions on cancer detection with digitized whole mount histopathological validation. Magnetic resonance imaging, 33(7), 886-894.

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Prostate MRI Imaging Protocol

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Images were acquired on a 3 T Philips Achieva (Best, Netherlands) using an endorectal coil (Medrad Inc., PA, USA) in combination with an external phased array coil. The endorectal balloon was inflated with 60 ml of perfluorocarbon. Hyoscine butyl bromide was administered routinely as an antiperistaltic agent. T2-W images were obtained in 3 planes orthogonal to the prostate (FSE, TR 2500 ms, TE 110 ms, FoV 14 cm, slice thickness 2.2 mm, matrix 220 × 184 extrapolated to 256 × 256) and were complemented by diffusion weighted images in the transverse plane (single shot EPI, TR 5243 ms, TE 72 ms, b = 0, 100, 800 s/mm², FOV 180 mm, slice thickness 2.2 mm, matrix 80 m × 71 m, extrapolated to 128 × 128). Whole pelvis imaging was not deemed to be a requirement in this cohort.

deSouza N.M., Morgan V.A., Bancroft E., Sohaib S.A., Giles S.L., Kote-Jarai Z., Castro E., Hazell S., Jafar M, & Eeles R. (2014). Diffusion-weighted MRI for detecting prostate tumour in men at increased genetic risk. European Journal of Radiology Open, 1, 22-27.

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