Lps purified from escherichia coli o111 b4

Egg yolk L-phosphatidylethanolamine (EYPE), egg yolk l-phosphatidyl-DLglycerol (EYPG), LPS purified from Escherichia coli O111:B4, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). 3,3′-Dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide (diSC₃-5), SYTO 9 and propidium iodide (PI) were supplied from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR, USA). HyClone Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were obtained from SeouLin Bioscience (Seoul, Korea). The enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for TNF‐α were procured from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN).

Female six-week-old C57BL/6 mice were purchased from the Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington, MA, USA). RAW 264.7 murine macrophages, Caco-2 human colon carcinoma cell line, and the LS174T human epithelial cell line were obtained from the Korea Cell Line Bank (Seoul, Korea). Cells were cultured in DMEM medium (Caco-2 and RAW 264.7) or RPMI 1640 medium (LS174T) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and penicillin/streptomycin (Welgene, Inc., Daegu, Korea). Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) was purchased from MP Biomedicals (Santa Ana, CA, USA). LPS purified from Escherichia coli O111:B4 was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). AITC from WJ was kindly provided by Sun Yeo Kim. U0126 was purchased from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA, USA). The ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1 antibodies were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA), and p65. GAPDH and MUC2 antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Antibodies for phospho-p65 was purchased from the Cell Signaling Technology company (Danvers, MA, USA). Schiff’s reagent and periodic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).