Tonopachy 530p

Best-corrected visual acuity (VA) was measured using Snellen charts and then converted to logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) VA for the purposes of statistical analysis. Intraocular pressure (IOP) and central corneal thickness (CCT) were measured with a noncontact tono/pachymeter (TONOPACHY™ 530P, Nidek Co., Ltd., Japan) before pupil dilation. Ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) was calculated by subtracting the IOP from the 2/3 of the mean arterial blood pressure. The static refraction of each eye was measured using an autorefractor (ARK-510A, Nidek Co., Ltd., Japan) and the spherical equivalent (SE) was reported. Axial length (AL) was measured with a non-contact partial coherence laser interferometry (IOL Master, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, US). The mean of five measurements was used in the analysis. Central subfield and average macular thicknesses, average ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thicknesses and average peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness were obtained with Cirrus HD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, CA, USA). Subfoveal choroidal thickness was obtained from horizontal scan with the Triton SS-OCT device, measured by the built-in calliper.

A full ophthalmic assessment was carried out. This included measurement of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), refractive error with an autorefractor (Nidek ARK-510A, Gamagori, Japan), axial length (AL) as well as anterior chamber depth (ACD) with A-scan biometer (AL-100, Tomey, Nagoya, Japan), IOP with Goldmann applanation tonometry, central cornea thickness (CCT) with non-contact tonopachymeter (TONOPACHY™ 530P, Nidek co., Ltd., Gamagori, Japan), dark room gonioscopy, anterior segment slit-lamp biomicroscopy, dilated fundal examination with assessment of the optic disc (20D and 90D lens), and VF examination by static automated white-on-white threshold perimetry (Humphrey Field Analyzer; 24-2 Swedish interactive threshold algorithm; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, USA). IOP was measured twice for each eye. If the two readings differed by ≤ 2 mmHg, the mean was recorded as the IOP measurement. Otherwise, a third reading was performed, and the mean was recorded. Gonioscopy was carried out in a dark room. Spherical equivalent (SE) refraction was calculated as the sum of the spherical value and half of the cylindrical value. Peripapillary RNFL thickness was measured with Spectralis SD-OCT (HRA + OCT, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). OCT-A imaging was taken by a swept-source OCT (detailed in the session “OCT-A imaging”).

All participants underwent a comprehensive ophthalmologic examination at baseline, including measurements of best-corrected visual acuity, refractive error by an autorefractor (ARK-510A, Nidek Co., Ltd., Gamagori, Japan), axial length (IOL Master, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, US), intraocular pressure (IOP) by Goldmann applanation tonometry, central corneal thickness (CCT) by a noncontact tonopachymeter (TONOPACHY 530P, Nidek Co., Ltd., Gamagori, Japan), slit-lamp biomicroscopy examination of the optic disc and retina, dilated fundus examination, simultaneous stereophotography of the optic disc, standard automated perimetry (SAP, Humphrey Field Analyzer; 24-2 Swedish interactive threshold algorithm; Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, CA, USA) were performed. Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness was measured with Cirrus HD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, CA, USA). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) and pulse rate were measured thrice with an Omron automatic blood pressure instrument (Omron Avant 2120; Nonin Medical, Inc., Plymouth, MN, USA), and the mean values were used in the analysis.