Salicylic acid

Zein (purity 91%), L-leucine, thiobarbituric acid, and sodium hydroxide were purchased from Macklin (Shanghai, China). Ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE), PEI-EDA (average molecular weight ~ 800), phthalaldehyde, 2-mercaptoEthanol, 1-ethyl-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), guaiacol, hydrogen peroxide (30%), riboflavin, disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA-Na₂), D-methionine, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) (95%), sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate, disodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate, sodium dodecyl sulfonate (electrophoresis level), and sodium tetraborate decahydrate were all obtained from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Potassium bromide was supplied by Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory (Guangzhou, China). Standard protein (Marker), electrophoresis buffer, Coomassie brilliant blue fast staining solution, and 30% acrylamide were all procured from Solaibio (Beijing China). Ethanol, trichloroacetic acid, salicylic acid, and concentrated hydrochloric acid were provided by Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Factory (Tianjin, China). All chemicals were analytically pure, except for specific reagents, and they were used without further purification.

The galangal rhizome was cleaned and dried to a consistent weight, crushed, and then kept in a dry atmosphere. Salicylic acid was obtained from Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China), and the following materials were used in this study: DEAE-52 cellulose (Greenherbs, Napier, New Zealand), Sephadex G-100 (Cytova, Marlborough, MA, USA), CCK8 assay kit (APExBIO, Houston, TX, USA), EdU cell proliferation kit (Beyotime, Nantong, China), hydroxyl free radical-scavenging capacity assay kit (Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), and DPPH free radical-scavenging ability assay kit (Beijing Boxbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin–streptomycin were supplied by Guangzhou Saiguo Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou Saiguo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China). Transwell chambers and Matrigel matrix gel were purchased from Corning Life Sciences Co., Ltd. (Corning Life Sciences Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China). Then, 4% tissue cell fixative solution and 0.1% crystal violet staining solution were purchased from Solarbio (Solarbio, Beijing, China). Unless otherwise stated, all chemicals used were of analytical grade.

Commercial soluble β-glucan (80 wt% β-glucan content) extracted from oats was bought from Yikang Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Zhangjiakou, China). Myr with a purity of greater than 98% (standard substance in HPLC analysis) was obtained from Wekeiqi Biotechnology Co. Ltd. (Sichuan, China). Stearic acid (analytical grade) was supplied by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, analytical grade), Salicylic acid (analytical grade) were obtained from Damao Chemical Reagent Factory. N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole (99%), potassium bromide were purchased from Aladdin Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Isopropanol (analytical grade), anhydrous ethanol (analytical grade), sodium chloride (analytical grade), potassium chloride (analytical grade), and sodium bicarbonate (analytical grade) were obtained from Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd. (Guangdong, China). 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Pepsin, and trypsin were provided by Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). All other reagents used in the study were of analytical grade.