Solids content—The solids contents of the PUDs were determined in a DBS 60-3 thermobalance (Kern & Sohn GmbH, Balingen, Germany) by heating 1 g PUD at 105 °C for 15 min followed by heating at 120 °C until constant mass was obtained. Three replicates were carried out and averaged.
pH measurement—The pH values of the PUDs were measured at 25 °C in a pHmeter HI 8418 (Oakton Instruments, Vernon Hills, IL, USA) equipped with silver reference electrode. The pH was calculated as the average of three experimental determinations.
Particle size distribution—The mean particle sizes and particle size distributions of the PUDs were determined in a Laser Scattering Particle Size Distribution Analyser Horiba LA-950A2 (Horiba ABX SAS, Kyoto, Japan). One droplet of PUD was diluted in 1–1.5 mL distilled water before measurement. Two replicates for each PUD were measured and averaged.
Viscosity—The viscosities of the PUDs were measured at 25 °C in a DHR-2 rheometer (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA) using coaxial cylindrical geometry according to DIN 53,019 standard. Two replicates for each PUD were measured and averaged.
pH measurement—The pH values of the PUDs were measured at 25 °C in a pHmeter HI 8418 (Oakton Instruments, Vernon Hills, IL, USA) equipped with silver reference electrode. The pH was calculated as the average of three experimental determinations.
Particle size distribution—The mean particle sizes and particle size distributions of the PUDs were determined in a Laser Scattering Particle Size Distribution Analyser Horiba LA-950A2 (Horiba ABX SAS, Kyoto, Japan). One droplet of PUD was diluted in 1–1.5 mL distilled water before measurement. Two replicates for each PUD were measured and averaged.
Viscosity—The viscosities of the PUDs were measured at 25 °C in a DHR-2 rheometer (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA) using coaxial cylindrical geometry according to DIN 53,019 standard. Two replicates for each PUD were measured and averaged.