Cyanidin 3 o galactoside chloride

All solvents, reagents, and standards used were of analytical grade. Of these, 99.9% acetonitrile, 36.5–38% hydrochloric acid, >98% formic acid, cyanidin 3-O-galactoside chloride, cyanidin 3-O-arabinoside chloride, peonidin 3-O-galactoside chloride, and peonidin 3-O-arabinoside chloride were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich GmbH (Bethesda, MD, USA). Hyperoside, rutin, quercitrin, phloridzin, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, and chlorogenic acid standards were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France), reynoutrin, (+)-catechin, and (−)-epicatechin were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich GmbH (Steinheim, Germany), and avicularin, procyanidin C1, and isoquercitrin were purchased from Chromadex (Santa Ana, CA, USA). Additionally, 96% ethanol was obtained from Stumbras AB (Kaunas, Lithuania), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was purchased from Vaseline-Fabrik Rhenania (Bonn, Germany). Purified deionized water used in the tests was prepared with the Milli-Q^® (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) water purification system.

All chemicals and reagents used were either analytical-reagent or HPLC grade. The water was treated in a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) before use. The standards used for the identification and quantification of phenolic acids and flavonoids were: chlorogenic acid, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, isorhamnetin, myricetin, phloretin, phloridzin (phloretin-2-O-glucoside), procyanidin B2, quercetin, quercitrin (quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside), rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside), isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-O-glucoside), hyperin (quercetin-3-O-galactoside), and cyanidin-3-O-galactoside chloride (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetonitrile and methyl alcohol were of HPLC grade (Carlo Erba, Milano, Italy). Sodium taurocholate, phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, NaCl, and sodium phosphate were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co.

Quercetin, epicatechin, chlorogenic acid (>95%), trans-ferulic acid (99%), caffeic acid (>98%), vanillic acid (>97%), hippuric acid (98%), cyanidin chloride, cyanidin 3-O-galactoside chloride, sulforaphane, thiazole orange (TO), 2,2-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH), and 2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France). Procyanidin B2 was purchased from Extrasynthèse (Genay, France) and (4R) 5-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone (3,4-DHPVL) (90% enantiomeric excess) was purchased from Enamine (Riga, Latvia). Gibco DMEM (high-glucose, GlutaMAX supplement and pyruvate), fetal bovine serum (FBS) (HyClone, Logan, Utah, United States), pen-strep solution (100X) (Gibco), 0.05% Trypsin-EDTA (HyClone), Gibco Selective Antibiotic Geneticin (G418) (50 mg/mL), Gibco DPBS without Calcium and Magnesium (1X) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France). HepG2 (catalogue number HB8065) and SH-SY5Y (catalogue number CRL-2266) cell lines were purchased from the American Type Cell Collection (ATCC) (LGC Standards, Molsheim, France). The Caco-2 cell line was a gift from Led Engineering Development (LED, Montauban, France). ARE Reporter—HepG2 Cell Line (catalogue number 60513) were purchased from BPS Bioscience (San Diego, CA, USA).