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Malathion

Manufactured by Merck Group
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Sourced in United States, Germany, China

Malathion is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Merck Group. It is an organophosphate compound commonly used as a pesticide. The core function of Malathion is to serve as a broad-spectrum insecticide in research and laboratory settings.

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Lab products found in correlation

Diazinon, by Merck Group (13 mentions) Chlorpyrifos, by Merck Group (12 mentions) Dimethoate, by Merck Group (9 mentions) Parathion, by Merck Group (8 mentions) Atrazine, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Fenitrothion, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Methyl parathion, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Permethrin, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Cypermethrin, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Deltamethrin, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Carbaryl, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Acephate, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Carbofuran, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Imidacloprid, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Triton x 100, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Bendiocarb, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Aldrin, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Quinalphos, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Acetone, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Paraoxon, by Merck Group (3 mentions)

41 protocols using malathion

1

Quantification of Insecticide-Induced AChE Inhibition

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Chemical standards of malathion, methidathion, diazinon, dimethoate, and their respective oxons (Fig. S1) were purchased from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Corporation (Osaka, Japan) and were used as received. To avoid any effect of organic solvents on the experimental results, stock solutions of the insecticides (malathion, 29 μM; methidathion, 230 μM; diazinon, 38 μM; dimethoate, 30 μM) and oxons (malathion-oxon, diazinon-oxon, and dimethoate-oxon, 100 μM; methidathion-oxon, 1000 μM) were prepared in a Milli-Q water-based (Milli-Q Advantage, Millipore Co., Bedford, MA, USA) phosphate buffer (10 mM, pH 7.0). AChE (derived from human erythrocytes) was purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). ACh and choline (Ch) were purchased from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Corporation.
Matsushita T., Fujita Y., Omori K., Huang Y., Matsui Y, & Shirasaki N. (2020). Effect of chlorination on anti-acetylcholinesterase activity of organophosphorus insecticide solutions and contributions of the parent insecticides and their oxons to the activity. Chemosphere, 261.
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2

Pesticide Effects on Mitochondrial Function

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Mitochondrial pesticides chlorfenapyr (CAS Number 122453-73-0), hydramethylnon (CAS Number 67485-29-4), pyridaben (CAS Number 96489-71-3), tolfenpyrad (CAS Number 129558-76-5), and fenazaquin (CAS Number 120928-09-8) and non-mitochondrial pesticides imidacloprid (CAS Number 138261-41-3), deltamethrin (CAS Number 52918-63-5), malathion (CAS Number 121-75-5), metribuzin (CAS Number 21087-64-9), penconazole (CAS Number 66246-88-6), cypermethrin (CAS Number 52315-07-8), and esfenvalerate (CAS Number 66230-04-4) were from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. All pesticides were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at a concentration of 10 mM.
Syromyatnikov M., Nesterova E., Smirnova T, & Popov V. (2021). Methylene blue can act as an antidote to pesticide poisoning of bumble bee mitochondria. Scientific Reports, 11, 14710.
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3

Synthesis and Characterization of Neurotransmitter Modulators

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Malathion (S-[1,2-bis (ethoxycarbonyl) ethyl] O, O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China) and other OP compounds were purchased from J&K Chemicals (Shanghai, China). The AITC and HC030031 were synthesized by Shanghai Hufa chemical industry Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China) and Shanghai Biobond Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China), respectively. Duloxetine was synthesized by Shanghai Leado Pharmatech Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China. Ketotifen was synthesized by Selleck (Shanghai, China). Drug stocks were made in dimethyl sulfoxide and stored at −20 °C until use. The calcium fluorescent dye Fura-2/AM and Fluo-4/AM were purchased from Life technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA. Collagenase from Clostridium histolyticum, Type 1A and trypsin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China).
Ding Q., Fang S., Chen X., Wang Y., Li J., Tian F., Xu X., Attali B., Xie X, & Gao Z. (2017). TRPA1 channel mediates organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy. Cell Discovery, 3, 17024-.
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4

Characterization of Pollutant Removal in Sewage Sludge

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Municipal excess-activated sewage sludge was obtained from a sewage treatment plant in Yantai City (Shandong Province, China). Diuron (>99.6%) and Chloridazon (>97%) were supplied by J&K Scientific Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Tebuconazole (>95%) and Malathion (>99.7%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (Bellefonte, PA, USA). Methanol (HPLC grade) and acetonitrile (HPLC grade) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (Bellefonte, PA, USA). The other chemical reagents (analytical grade) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and used without further purification. Considering the diversity and representativeness of the real water quality, water samples 1 to 4 were taken from Yantai City (Shandong Province) and were samples of the Guangdang River, the Fenghuangshan Reservoir, the Miaohou Reservoir, and tap water, respectively (water quality indexes of the four samples are shown in Table S3).
Liu Y., Ji X., Wang Y., Zhang Y., Zhang Y., Li W., Yuan J., Ma D., Sun H, & Duan J. (2023). A Stable Fe-Zn Modified Sludge-Derived Biochar for Diuron Removal: Kinetics, Isotherms, Mechanism, and Practical Research. Molecules, 28(6), 2868.
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5

Comprehensive Chemical Analysis Protocol

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Phosphate buffer saline with potassium chloride (10 mm) tablets at pH 7.4, glutaraldehyde (25%), flavin adenine dinucleotide, sodium chloride, perchloric acid (70%), chloroplatinic acid (8%), glyphosate, atrazine, aminomethylphosphonic acid, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, clothianidin, paraoxon‐methyl, parathion‐methyl, malathion and chlorpyrifos were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry, and dicamba was provided by the Iowa State University chem service. The glycine oxidase gene originates from Bacillus subtilis and gives rise to a 47 kDa protein.[84, 92] Glycine oxidase (40 µm) was prepared by the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory in a manner similar to that described in references.[93, 94]glutaraldehyde dilutions were prepared in PBS pH 7.4. flavin adenine dinucleotide dilutions were prepared in PBS in a pH range from 5.4–9.4. All pesticides were prepared in 10× PBS pH 7.4. Kapton polyimide substrate (0.125 µm thick) was purchased from McMaster‐Carr. River water samples were gathered from the South Skunk River in Iowa. Crop residues were tested on crops purchased from a local grocery market.
Johnson Z.T., Jared N., Peterson J.K., Li J., Smith E.A., Walper S.A., Hooe S.L., Breger J.C., Medintz I.L., Gomes C, & Claussen J.C. (2022). Enzymatic Laser‐Induced Graphene Biosensor for Electrochemical Sensing of the Herbicide Glyphosate. Global Challenges, 6(9), 2200057.
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6

Aptamer-based Biosensor for Pesticide Detection

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Chloroauric acid tetrahydrate (HAuCl4·4H2O), trisodium citrate, sodium citrate dihydrate, Triton X-100, mycose, sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS), NaCl, Na3PO4·12H2O, Tween-20, sucrose, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP), bovine serum albumin (BSA), phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4, 0.01 M), sodium chloride-sodium citrate (SSC) buffer (20 concentrate, pH 7.0), borate buffer (BB, pH 9.0, 0.1 M), and the pesticides used in this study (chlopyrifos, malathion, diazinon, atrazine, carbaryl, acetamiprid, and 2,4-D.) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO, USA). Streptavidin was purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). QDs nanobeads premodified by polystyrene maleic-anhydride copolymer were provided by Shanghai Kundao Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Backing cards (HF000MC100), glass fiber sample pads (CFSP001700), conjugation pads (GFCP000800), nitrocellulose membranes (135s), and absorbent pads (CFSP001700) were purchased from Millipore (Bedford, MA, USA). Sequences of aptamers for chlorpyrifos (Jiao et al., 2017 , 2016 ), aptamers for diazinon (Jokar et al., 2017 (link)), aptamers for malathion (Bala et al., 2016 (link)) and corresponding biotinylated complementary sequences (Table S1), were synthesized and purified by Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Double distilled water (ddwater) was used in all experiments.
Cheng N., Song Y., Fu Q., Du D., Luo Y., Wang Y., Xu W, & Lin Y. (2018). Aptasensor based on fluorophore-quencher nano-pair and smartphone spectrum reader for on-site quantification of multi-pesticides. Biosensors & bioelectronics, 117, 75-83.
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7

Ultrasensitive Pesticide Detection Assay

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TMB Liquid Substrate System, luminol, bovine serum albumin (BSA), KMnO4, K2PtCl4 (Pt, 44.99%), HAuCl4 (Au, 49.98%), Na2PdCl4 (Pd, 49.98%), ascorbic acid, PDDA, 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF), chlorpyrifos, parathion, methyl parathion, diazinon, malathion and fenitrothion were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (U.S.A.). Graphite, FeCl3, and K4[Fe(CN)6] were all provided by Alfa Aesar. Mouse monoclonal antibody for chlorpyrifos (antichlorpyrifos McAb) and chlorpyrifos–BSA bioconjugate were all obtained from Wuxi Determine Bio-Tech Co. Ltd. (China). Goat antimouse IgG was purchased from Abcam Inc. (USA). 40 nm gold nanoparticles were obtained from nanoComposix (U.S.A.). Nitrocellulose membrane, fiber sample pad, fiber conjugate pad and absorbent pad were purchased from Millipore Corp. (U.S.A.). Phosphate buffer saline (PBS, 0.10 M pH 7.4) containing 1.0% BSA and 0.05% Tween-20 was adopted as the blocking buffer for the pretreatment of the conjugate pad and absorbent pad. Polystyrene 96-well microplates were provided by Corning Incorporated (U.S.A.). Astragalus and Poria cocos were purchased from a local pharmacy in Chongqing (China) and water sample was collected from South Fork Palouse River outside of Washington State University. All other reagents of analytical grade were utilized as received without further treatment.
Ouyang H., Lu Q., Wang W., Song Y., Tu X., Zhu C., Smith J.N., Du D., Fu Z, & Lin Y. (2018). Dual-Readout Immunochromatographic Assay by Utilizing MnO2 Nanoflowers as the Unique Colorimetric/Chemiluminescent Probe. Analytical chemistry, 90(8), 5147-5152.
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8

Insecticide Susceptibility Evaluation

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Five different insecticides, representing the four classes available for public health applications against adult mosquitoes were used: the carbamate Bendiocarb, the organochlorine DDT, the organophosphate malathion and the pyrethroids permethrin (25:75 cis:trans) and λ-cyhalothrin. All insecticide solutions used in the CDC bottle assay were self-prepared. Bendiocarb, DDT and malathion were purchased as analytical grades from Sigma-Aldrich® (Switzerland), while permethrin and λ-cyhalothrin were kindly provided by Syngenta Crop Protection AG (Switzerland). All insecticide treated filter papers for the WHO susceptibility tests were sourced from the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) through Universiti Sains Malaysia based in Penang, Malaysia.
Owusu H.F., Jančáryová D., Malone D, & Müller P. (2015). Comparability between insecticide resistance bioassays for mosquito vectors: time to review current methodology?. Parasites & Vectors, 8, 357.
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9

Efficacy of Essential Oil Compounds Against Aedes aegypti

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Two major compounds from each EO were chosen from GC- MS result and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich having 98–99% purity for further bioassay. Larvicidal and adulticidal efficacy of these compounds against A. aegypti was tested following the methods described above. The most commonly used synthetic commercial larvicide Temephos (Sigma Aldrich) and adulticide Malathion (Sigma Aldrich) were assayed for comparing their efficacy with selected EO compounds following the same procedure.
Sarma R., Adhikari K., Mahanta S, & Khanikor B. (2019). Combinations of Plant Essential Oil Based Terpene Compounds as Larvicidal and Adulticidal Agent against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Scientific Reports, 9, 9471.
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10

Acetylcholinesterase Activity Assay

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Malathion (98% purity) (fyfanon 50 EC 500 g/l), acetylthiocholine iodide, 5.5’-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), Triton X-100, eosin stain, and RPMI (Roswell Park Memorial Institute), were purchased from SIGMA and Invitrogen.
Slimen S., Saloua E.F, & Najoua G. (2014). Oxidative stress and cytotoxic potential of anticholinesterase insecticide, malathion in reproductive toxicology of male adolescent mice after acute exposure. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 17(7), 522-530.
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