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Citric acid

Manufactured by Chempur
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Sourced in Poland

Citric acid is a weak organic acid that is commonly used in various laboratory applications. It is a colorless, crystalline solid with a sour taste. Citric acid is naturally found in citrus fruits and is widely used as a food additive, preservative, and pH regulator in various industries.

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Lab products found in correlation

Sodium phosphate dibasic, by Chempur (4 mentions) Magnesium sulfate, by Chempur (4 mentions) Acetic acid, by Chempur (3 mentions) Triton x 102, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Sodium chloride (nacl), by Chempur (1 mentions) Trimethylsilyl chloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Chempur (1 mentions) Methanol, by Chempur (1 mentions) Disodium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Rs ibuprofen, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) L valine, by Carl Roth (1 mentions) Propan 2 ol, by Chempur (1 mentions) Ortho phosphoric acid, by Chempur (1 mentions) Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Kh2po4, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Na2hpo4, by Merck Group (1 mentions)

8 protocols using citric acid

1

Formulation and Characterization of Cosmetic Body Wash Gels

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Raw materials used in the commercial cosmetic products were used to develop the body wash gels: sodium laureth-2 sulfate (trade name Brensurf 25; supplier Brenntag, Warsaw, Poland), sodium lauryl sulfate (Rosulfan L, PCC Exol, Brzeg Dolny, Poland), sodium coco sulfate (Sulfopon C1216, BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany), sodium lauroyl sarcosinate (Crodasinic LS30, Croda, Snaith, Great Britain), Ectoin (RonaCare Ectoin, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), citric acid (citric acid, Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland) and Milli-Q water. The formulations of analyzed solutions is presented in Table 1. A representative concentration of 1 wt.% of surfactants was selected for the study. Cleansing cosmetics available on the market contain about 10–15% surfactants, but they are diluted with water during the cleaning process.
In the physico-chemical tests were used: zein from corn (zein, Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), potassium sulfate (Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland), copper sulfate pentahydrate (Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland), sulfuric acid 98% (Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland), Tashiro indicator (Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland), sodium hydroxide, citric acid (Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland). All reagents were analytical grade.
Bujak T., Zagórska-Dziok M, & Nizioł-Łukaszewska Z. (2020). Complexes of Ectoine with the Anionic Surfactants as Active Ingredients of Cleansing Cosmetics with Reduced Irritating Potential. Molecules, 25(6), 1433.
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2

Bacterial Cellulose Production Using K. xylinus

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The bacterial strain used was K. xylinus E25 (Bowil Biotech Ltd., Władysławowo, Poland). Unless otherwise stated, this strain was cultured in SH medium (basal medium; (Hestrin and Schramm 1954 (link))) at 30 °C under static conditions. One liter of the culture medium contained 20.0 g glucose (POCh, Gliwice, Poland), 5.0 g yeast extract (BTL, Łódź, Poland), 5.0 g bacterial peptone (BTL, Łódź, Poland), 2.7 g sodium phosphate dibasic (Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland), 1.15 g citric acid (Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland), and 0.5 g magnesium sulfate (Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland). When necessary, the basal medium was supplemented with 1% EtOH (ethanol medium). The initial pH of the medium was adjusted to 5.7 with 80% acetic acid (Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland).
Ryngajłło M., Jacek P., Cielecka I., Kalinowska H, & Bielecki S. (2019). Effect of ethanol supplementation on the transcriptional landscape of bionanocellulose producer Komagataeibacter xylinus E25. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 103(16), 6673-6688.
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3

Schramm–Hestrin Medium for Bacterial Growth

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In this study, Schramm–Hestrin medium, containing 20 g/L glucose (POCh, Gliwice, Poland), 5 g/L yeast extract (BTL, Łódź, Poland), 5 g/L bacterial peptone (BTL, Łódź, Poland), 2.7 g/L sodium phosphate dibasic (Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland), 1.15 g/L citric acid (Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland) and 0.5 g/L magnesium sulfate (Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland), was used as the basal medium. The initial pH of the SH medium was adjusted to 5.7 using 0.1 M acetic acid.
Cielecka I., Ryngajłło M., Maniukiewicz W, & Bielecki S. (2021). Highly Stretchable Bacterial Cellulose Produced by Komagataeibacter hansenii SI1. Polymers, 13(24), 4455.
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4

Cellulose-Producing Bacterial Strains

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Cellulose‐producing strains (K. xylinus E26 (from the in‐house collection), K. xylinus BCRC 12334 (kind courtesy of Prof. Jyh Ming Wu, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan), and K. hansenii ATCC 53582 American Type Culture Collection) were cultured in 10‐ml test tubes filled with 5‐ml of media at 30°C under static conditions for 3 days. One liter culture medium (Hestrin‐Schramm, HS; Hestrin & Schramm, 1954) contained 20.0 g glucose (POCh, Poland), 5.0 g yeast extract (BTL, Poland), 5.0 g bacterial peptone (BTL, Poland), 2.7 g sodium phosphate dibasic (Chempur, Poland), 1.15 g citric acid (Chempur, Poland), and 0.5 g magnesium sulfate (Chempur, Poland). The initial pH of the medium was adjusted to 5.7 with 80% acetic acid (Chempur, Poland). 1% cellulase (from Trichodrma reesei ATCC 26921, Sigma‐Aldrich) was added to the culture, and the released cells were harvested for genomic DNA purification.
Ryngajłło M., Kubiak K., Jędrzejczak‐Krzepkowska M., Jacek P, & Bielecki S. (2018). Comparative genomics of the Komagataeibacter strains—Efficient bionanocellulose producers. MicrobiologyOpen, 8(5), e00731.
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5

Radionuclide Characterization and Handling

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All chemicals used in the work were of analytical grade purity. Salts and citric acid used in experiments were obtained from CHEMPUR, Poland. Triton X-102 (polyethylene glycol octylphenyl ether, MW = 757 g/mol) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Deionized water was used in all experiments. The carrier-free radionuclides of cesium-137 (radioactive half-life, t1/2 = 30.07 y; energy of emitted radiation, Eγ = 661.7 keV) and cobalt-60 (t1/2 = 5.3 y; Eγ = 1.17 and 1.33 MeV) were supplied by POLATOM (Otwock-Swierk, Poland) as certificated standard solutions.
Miśkiewicz A., Nowak A., Pałka J, & Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz G. (2021). Liquid Low-Level Radioactive Waste Treatment Using an Electrodialysis Process. Membranes, 11(5), 324.
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6

Cultivation of Komagataeibacter hansenii in SH medium

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Komagataeibacter hansenii ATCC 23769 was cultivated in SH medium (Schramm and Hestrin medium) at 30 °C. The SH medium for K. hansenii cultivation was used in two forms: liquid—for agitated and stationary cultures and with 2% (w/v) agar (Difco, USA)—for plate cultures. One-liter culture medium contained 20.0 g glucose (POCH, Poland), 5.0 g yeast extract (BTL, Poland), 5.0 g bacterial peptone (BTL, Poland), 2.7 g sodium phosphate dibasic (Chempur, Poland), 1.15 g citric acid (Chempur, Poland), and 0.5 g magnesium sulfate (Chempur, Poland). The pH was adjusted to 5.7 with 80% acetic acid (Chempur, Poland) before sterilization.
Jacek P., Ryngajłło M, & Bielecki S. (2019). Structural changes of bacterial nanocellulose pellicles induced by genetic modification of Komagataeibacter hansenii ATCC 23769. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 103(13), 5339-5353.
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7

Synthesis of Cr-Substituted Mg3Al1-xCrx LDH

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For the synthesis of Cr-substituted Mg3Al1−xCrx LDH samples, aluminium nitrate nonahydrate (Al(NO3)3·9H2O, 98.5%, Chempur, Plymouth, MI, USA), magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (Mg(NO3)2·6H2O), 99.0%, Chempur, Plymouth, MI, USA) and chromium nitrate nonahydrate (Cr(NO3)3∙9H2O, 99.0%, Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany) were used as starting materials. Citric acid (C6H8O7·H2O, 99.5%, Chempur, Plymouth, MI, USA) and 1,2-ethanediol (C2H6O2, 99.8%, Chempur, Plymouth, MI, USA) were used as complexing agents. The reconstruction of MMO powders to LDHs was performed in distilled water.
Valeikiene L., Grigoraviciute-Puroniene I., Katelnikovas A., Zarkov A, & Kareiva A. (2021). Investigation of Structural and Luminescent Properties of Sol-Gel-Derived Cr‑Substituted Mg3Al1−xCrx Layered Double Hydroxides. Molecules, 26(7), 1848.
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8

Optimized Purification of Ibuprofen

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All reagents were commercially available materials and were used without further purification. (RS)-Ibuprofen (99%) was obtained from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). L-valine and L-leucine (≥99%) were purchased from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). Trimethylsilyl chloride (≥99%) (TMSCl) was provided by Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim am Albuch, Germany). Methanol, propan-2-ol (iPrOH), potassium chloride, sodium chloride, orthophosphoric acid (98%), pH = 4 buffer, citric acid, sodium hydroxide were high purity obtained from Chempur (Piekary Ślaskie, Poland). Ammonium hydroxide solution 25% (NH3∙H2O) was of analytical grade purchased from StanLab (Lublin, Poland). Acetonitrile (≥99.9%) for HPLC gradient grade was provided by Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim am Albuch, Germany). Anhydrous disodium hydrogen phosphate (≥99%) (Na2HPO4), anhydrous potassium dihydrogen phosphate (99%) (KH2PO4) were provided by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Yeast extract and bacto-peptone were obtained from Graso BIOTECH (Starogard Gdański, Poland). D-mannitol (≥99.9%) was provided by POL-AURA (Dywity, Poland).
Ossowicz-Rupniewska P., Rakoczy R., Nowak A., Konopacki M., Klebeko J., Świątek E., Janus E., Duchnik W., Wenelska K., Kucharski Ł, & Klimowicz A. (2021). Transdermal Delivery Systems for Ibuprofen and Ibuprofen Modified with Amino Acids Alkyl Esters Based on Bacterial Cellulose. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(12), 6252.
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