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16 protocols using e 2 nonenal

1

Flavor Compound Isolation and Synthesis

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The following compounds, 2-methylpropanal, 2,3-butanedione, 3-methylbutanal, methional, 2-acetylfuran, 1-octen-3-one, 1-octen-3-ol, (E)-2-nonenal, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, 2-acetylpyrazine, 2-acetyl-2-thiazoline, 2-ethyl-3,5(and 6)-dimethylpyrazine, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, 1-hexanol, 2-phenylethanol, salicylaldehyde, p-vinylguaiacol, ethyl nonanoate, and ethyl octanoate were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). 2-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine and 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine were separated using preparative GC and [2H3]-2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline and [2H4]-2-acetyl-2-thiazoline were synthesized as previously described [37 (link)]. 3-Methyl-1-butanol, guaiacol, and 2-methyl-3-heptanone were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (TCI; Portland, OR, USA). 2,3-Diethyl-5-methylpyrazine, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ethanol (200 proof) and dichloromethane were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Sodium bicarbonate and anhydrous sodium sulfate were purchased from Avantor (Center Valley, PA, USA).
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2

Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds

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The following compounds were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA): hexanal (98% chemical purity), (E)-2-hexenal (98% chemical purity), octanal (99% chemical purity), nonanal (95% chemical purity), decanal (≥98% chemical purity), (E)-2-nonenal (97% chemical purity), benzaldehyde (≥99% chemical purity), 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (99% chemical purity), 1-hexanol (≥99% chemical purity), (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol (98% chemical purity), 1-octen-3-ol (98% chemical purity), propyl 3-methylbutanoate (≥98% chemical purity), 3-methylbutyl propionate (≥98% chemical purity), 3-methylbutyl 3-methylbutanoate (≥98% chemical purity), hexyl acetate (99% chemical purity), ethyl octanoate (≥99% chemical purity), (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenyl 3-methylbutanoate (≥97% chemical purity), α-pinene (98% chemical purity), α-phellandrene (≥95% chemical purity), limonene (≥98% chemical purity), (E)-β-ocimene (≥90% chemical purity), p-cymene (99% chemical purity), linalool (97% chemical purity), α-terpinyl acetate, 2-phenylethyl acetate (99% chemical purity), (E)-geranyl acetone (96% chemical purity), hexane (≥99% chemical purity). Ethyl hexanoate (99% chemical purity), 3-methylbutyl acetate (98% chemical purity) were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA), δ-3-cerene from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany), α-farnesene from Bedoukian Research Inc. (Danbury, CT, USA).
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3

Volatile Compound Identification Protocol

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The standard compounds employed in this study for identification and quantification were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany), including hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, nonanal, (E,E)-2,4-hexadienal, (E)-2-nonenal, benzaldehyde, pentanol, hexanol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, nonanol, benzyl alcohol, 2-phenylethanol, limonene, α-ocimene, linalool, citronellol, nerol, geraniol, and isovalerone. Sodium chloride and 4-methyl-2-pentanol (internal standard) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
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4

Volatile Compounds Analysis Protocol

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Standards of most volatile compounds were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China): 1-octen-3-ol (98%), (E)-2-octen-1-ol (97%), 1-heptanol (98%), propanal (97%), pentanal (98%), hexanal (98%), heptanal (97%), octanal (99%), (E)-2-octenal (97%), nonanal (99.5%), (E)-2-nonenal (97%), benzaldehyde (99.5%), 2-pentylfuran (98%), and 2,3-pentanedione (97%). The 3-methylbutanal (98%) was supplied by Aladdin (Shanghai, China). The n-alkanes (C7-C40, ≥97%, external standard) was obtained from o2si Smart Solutions (Shanghai, China). The 2-methyl-3-heptanone (99%) was supplied by Dr. Ehrenstorfer (Beijing, China) as an internal standard.
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5

Yanchi Tan Sheep Volatile Profiling

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The Tan mutton used in this experiment was randomly obtained from the hind legs of Yanchi Tan sheep (30 ± 1 kg, 9 months age) from Ningxia Xinhai Food Co., Ltd. (Yanchi, China). The following chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China): 1,2-dichlorobenzene (internal standard, 99.7%) and n-alkanes (C5-C32, 98%), hexanal (95%), heptanal (97%), 1-heptanol (97%), benzaldehyde (99.5%), 2-methypyrazine (99%), (E)-2-undecenal (96%), pentanal (99%), octanal (99%), 1-hexanol (99%), 1-pentanol (99%), (E)-2-octenal (97%), nonanal (99.5%), (E)-2-nonenal (97%), 2-pentylfuran and 1-octen-3-ol (98%). Methanol (analytical grade) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
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6

Compound Acquisition for Flavor Analysis

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The pure samples of the following compounds: nonanal, 2,3-butanedione (diacetyl), acetic acid, 3-methylbutanal, butanoic acid, 2-methylpropanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, pentanoic acid, octanoic acid, and hexanoic acid were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). (E)-2-nonenal, 2-nonanone, phenyl acetaldehyde, δ-decalactone, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, 4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decanal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, (Z)-2-nonenal, methional, and 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3 (2H)-furanone were from Sigma–Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany). 1-Octen-3-one was from Symrise (Holzminden, Germany). The following labelled compounds were synthesized according to the literature cited; [2H2]-butanoic acid [19 (link)]; 3-[2H2]-methylbutanal [11 (link)]; [2H2-5]-2-acetyl-1-pyrroline [20 (link)]; [13C4]-2,3-butanedione [21 (link)]; [2H]-(E,E)-2,4-decadienal [22 ]; [13C2]-acetic acid [22 ]; [2H2]-3-methylbutanoic acid [23 (link)]; [2H3]-2-methoxyphenol [24 (link)]; [2H5]-phenyl acetaldehyde [25 (link)]; [13C2]-4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone [26 (link)]; [2H2]-δ-decalactone [27 (link)]; [2H2]-methional [27 (link)]. Lastly, [2H3]-hexanoic acid was from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Euriso-top GmbH, Saarbrucken, Germany).
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7

Volatile Compounds in Duck Leg Meat

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Duck leg meat that was purchased from a local market (Xiamen, China) was stored at −20 °C in a refrigerator. Instant Oolong tea powder containing 25.07% (label provision) of tea polyphenols was purchased from Fujian Da Ming Co., Ltd. (Zhangzhou, China). A standard series of C8-C20 alkanes for retention index (RI) determination and the internal standard 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (≥98%) and ethyl decanoate (≥98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. (St. Louis, USA). The standards, including 1-pentanol (≥98%), (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol (≥90%), benzaldehyde (≥97%), furfural (≥95%), (E)-2-hexenal (≥98%), benzeneacetaldehyde (≥98%), (E)-linalool oxide (≥96%), linalool (≥95%), phenylethyl alcohol (≥90%), 1-octen-3-ol (98%), (E)-2-nonenal (≥95%), (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal (≥98%), (E)-2-nonenal (≥98%), safranal (≥90%), decanal ≥(95%), β-cyclocitral (≥95%), 2,4-decadienal (≥90%), (E,E)-2,4-decadienal (≥95%), (E)-dodecanal (≥95%), alpha-terpineol (≥96%), hexanal (≥95%), β-ionone (≥97%), nonanal (≥96%), limonene (≥97%), dihydroactinidiolide (≥95%) and diisobutyl phthalate (≥98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, USA). Anhydrous sodium chloride was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
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8

Aroma Compounds Extraction Protocol

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Yeast extract, sucrose, glucose, and medium with chloramphenicol were obtained from BTL (Łódź, Poland). Galactose was purchased from Acros Organic (Geel, Belgium). Citric acid, Na2HPO4·2H2O, and MgCl2 were obtained from POCH (Gliwice, Poland). Fructose was obtained from Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland). L-Phenylalanine, lactic acid, sodium sulfate, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and diethyl ether were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Poznań, Poland). Inulin was obtained from Hortimex Plus (Konin, Poland). Spray-dried sour whey and buttermilk were purchased from Laktopol (Suwałki, Poland). The following reference aroma compounds were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Poznań, Poland): 2,3-butanedione, acetic acid, 3-methylbutanal, 3-methyl-1-butanol, butanoic acid, isovaleric acid, 3-(methylthio)-propanal, dimethyl trisulfide, phenylacetaldehyde, furaneol, maltol, 2-phenylethanol, ethyl furaneol, (E)-2-nonenal, and phenylacetic acid. The following stable isotopes were obtained from AromaLAB (Freising, Germany): [13C4] 2,3-butanedione, [13C1] acetic acid, [2H3] 2-methylbutanal, [2H2] 3-methyl-1-butanol, [2H7] butanoic acid, [2H2] isovaleric acid, [2H5] 3-(methylthio)-propanal, [2H6] dimethyl trisulfide, [2H5] phenylacetaldehyde, [13C2] furaneol, [2H3] maltol, [2H5] 2-phenylethanol, [2H2] (E)-2-nonenal, and [2H8] naphthalene.
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9

Qinchuan Beef Volatile Compound Analysis

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Beef from the hind legs of the Qinchuan cow was purchased from Yichuan's Xinbai market (Ningxia, China). The following chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China):1,2-dichlorobenzene (internal standard) and n-alkanes (C7-C40, ≥ 97%), hexanal (95%), heptanal (97%), 1-heptanol (97%), octanal (99%), (E)-2-octenal (97%), non-anal (99.5%), (E)-2-non-enal (97%), benzaldehyde (99.5%), (E, E)-2,4-decadienal (94%), 2-pentylfuran (98%), 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine (98%) and 1-octen-3-ol (98%). (E)-2-undecenal (l (94%), 2-pentylfuran (98%), 2,5-dime. (E, E)-2,4-non-adienal (95.8%) was from TCI Development Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). (E)-2-hexenal (97%) and (E)-2-heptenal (97%) were purchased from TCI (Shanghai, China). Methanol (analytical grade) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China).
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10

Flavor Compounds Extraction and Identification

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n-Alkanes (C7-C30) for the retention index (RI) calculation, 2-methyl-3-heptanone (99%, internal standard), (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal (95%), (E)-2-heptenal (97%), decanal (≥98%), octanol (≥99%), (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienol (≥95%), (E)-2-octenal (≥95%), diisopropyl disulfide (≥96%), hexanol (≥99%), (E)-2-nonenal (97%), (E)-2-decenal (≥95%), nonanol (98%), and (E)-2-octenol (97%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Beijing, China). Hexane, diethyl ether, n-pentane, and anhydrous Na2SO4 used for extraction and separation of flavor substances were all analytical reagent and provided by Banxia Scientific Instruments Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China).
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