N phosphonomethyl glycine

Groups of G. morsitans flies were maintained on a diet containing 100 μM glyphosate combined with 500 nM folic acid [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA] or (Sigma-Aldrich). This treatment has been previously shown to impact folate synthesis.²⁸ (link)^,35 (link) Following six bloodmeals, the flies were examined to determine if lipid and phosphatidylcholine levels were increased or decreased. These treatments were conducted to eliminate potential off-target effects of tetracycline supplementation to validate Wigglesworthia’s role in tsetse lipid metabolism, and to provide a secondary validation of impaired lipid metabolism without treatment with antibiotics.

Plants were grown in the greenhouse under natural light conditions. A 200 μm glyphosate solution (N-phosphonomethyl glycine (Sigma Aldrich) in 10 mm (NH₄)₂SO₄ and 0.01% w/v Tween-20) was applied to 20-day-old soil grown plants at 5:00, 9:00, 13:00, 17:00 and 21:00 h by using a herbicide spray booth ‘Generation III’, (De Vries, Hollandale, MN, USA). The sprayed 200 μm glyphosate solution resulted in an application of 0.2535 mg m⁻² as determined by spray speed, length and spray volume under 240 kpa pressure. The control spray contained 10 mm (NH₄)₂SO₄ and 0.01% w/v Tween-20.