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139 protocols using magnesium chloride hexahydrate

1

Synthesis of Iron-Magnesium Hydroxide Compounds

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Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2·6H2O), iron chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O), ammonium hydroxide solution, triethanolamine (TEA, C6H15NO3), acetylene black, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Potassium hydroxide (KOH, 99.99%) and ethanol absolute (EtOH) were purchased from Panreac. All chemicals were used as received. Milli-Q water was obtained from Millipore Milli-Q equipment.
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2

Synthesis and Characterization of N-Sulfonylhydrazone Prototypes

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N-sulfonylhydrazone
prototypes, LASSBio-1771 (1), LASSBio-1772 (2), LASSBio-1773 (3), LASSBio-1774 (4),
and the internal standard (IP), biphenyl l-4-carboxylate methyl, were
synthesized at the Laboratório de Avaliação
e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas
(LASSBio,
UFRJ, Brazil) with ≥98% pure by HPLC (see the Supplemental Data). HPLC grade solvents and reagents, i.e., acetonitrile, methanol, and formic acid (96%), were
purchased from Tedia-Brazil. Type I grade water produced by an ultrapure
water purification system (Master System MS2000, Gehaka, Brazil) was
used in experiments and HPLC analysis. Bis(p-nitrophenyl)
phosphate sodium salt, D-glucose-6-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase, β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
(NADP+), magnesium chloride hexahydrate, quinidine, sulfaphenazole,
furafylline, p-nitrophenol, ketoconazole, bicinchoninic
acid (BCA) protein assay kit, and salts used for buffer preparation
were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
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3

Enzymatic Activity of RNase H

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Synthetic ssRNA (8-mer: 5’-CGACACCU-3’, 14-mer: 5’-CGACACCUGAUUCC-3’) and ssDNA (8-mer: 5’-AGGTGTCG-3’, 14-mer: 5’-GGAATCAGGTGTCG-3’) were obtained from Biologica Co. A commercial product of recombinant RNase H was from Takara Bio Inc. Ammonium acetate (NH4OAc, MS grade), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), manganese (II) chloride tetrahydrate (99.99%), magnesium chloride hexahydrate (99.995%), zinc chloride (99.999%), calcium chloride, acetic acid, and trizma base were from Sigma-Aldrich. Sodium chloride, dithiothreitol (DTT) and hydrochloric acid were from Wako. Triethylamine (TEA), SDS, tryptone, dried extract yeast, and 0.2 mol/l-di-sodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) solution were from Nacalai Tesque. Ultrapure water was produced by PURIC-ω (ORGANO) and used for all the experiments.
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4

Reagent Purchasing and Cell Culture Protocol

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Sodium hydroxide was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany); ethanol, hydrochloric acid, and dimethylsulphoxide were purchased from RCI Labscan Limited (Bangkok, Thailand); diethanolamine, albumin from bovine serum, CelLyticTM M, penicillin-streptomycin solution, and Bradford reagent were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA); magnesium chloride hexahydrate and 4-nitrophenol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (Tokyo, Japan); 4-nitrophenyl phosphate disodium salt hexahydrate was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Co. (Dorset, UK); PrestoBlueTM cell viability reagent was purchased from Life Technologies Corporation (Eugene, OR, USA); Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), phosphate-buffered saline pH 7.4, fetal bovine serum (FBS), MEM non-essential amino acid solution, and 0.5% trypsin-EDTA solution were purchased from Life Technologies (Paisley, UK).
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5

Enzymatic Synthesis of Methylmalonic Acid

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NADPH, propionyl-CoA, methylmalonic acid, malonic
acid, and magnesium chloride hexahydrate were from Sigma-Aldrich.
ATP was from Teknova.
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6

Crystallization Assay of Urinary Solutes

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Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt hydrate (≥99.0%) (tEDTA), calcium chloride dihydrate, magnesium chloride hexahydrate (≥99.0%), sodium chloride (≥99.0%), sodium sulfate (≥99.0%), trisodium citrate dihydrate (≥99.0%), potassium chloride (≥99.0%), ammonium chloride (≥99.5%) and urea were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Dorset, UK). Creatinine (98%), sodium oxalate (≥99.5%) and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (≥98.0%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Heysham, UK). Quarter-strength Ringer's solution (QSRS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), tryptone soya broth (TSB), Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB) and agar were purchased from Oxoid Ltd (Hampshire, UK). BARD silicone, 14-channel male catheters and URIPLAN 2 L drainable bed bags (98 cm inlet) were purchased from BARD Ltd (Crawley, UK). Proteus mirabilis ATCC 51286 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 were purchased from LGC Standards (Middlesex, UK), and Escherichia coli NSM59 was obtained from Dr Jones (University of Bath, UK). Deionised water used in bulk crystallisation assays was purified with an Aqua Solutions RODI-C-12A purification system (18.2 MΩ).
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7

Phytochemical Standards and Analytical Reagents

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Methanol, sodium hydroxide, formic acid, acetonitrile, hydrochloride acid, sodium carbonate, ferric chloride hexahydrate, potassium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, and Folin–Ciocalteu reagent were supplied by Panreac Química SLU (Barcelona, Spain). Pure phytochemical standards (≥96%), including gallic, caffeic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric, protocatechuic, and vanillic acids, rutin and quercetin, and caffeine, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and extrasynthese (Genay, France). 6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), potassium persulfate, 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), ammonium carbonate, calcium chloride dihydrate, magnesium chloride hexahydrate, potassium phosphate monobasic, porcine pepsin, porcine pancreatin, pronase E, and Viscozyme ® were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
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8

Synthesis of Magnesium Chloride Composite

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Magnesium
chloride hexahydrate
(MgCl2·6H2O, 99%), starch (C6H10O5)n, sodium
hydroxide (NaOH, 99%), and urea (CH4N2O, 99%)
were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany.
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9

Magnetic Nanoparticle Synthesis and Functionalisation

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Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2·6H2O), 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O), ethylene glycol, sodium acetate anhydrous, polyethylene imine, palladium nitrate (Pd(NO3)2), o-Nitroaniline (o-NA), m-nitroaniline, p-nitroaniline, 4-nitrophenol(4-NP), 2,4-nitroaniline, and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. All the chemicals and solvents are reagent grade and received without any further purification. Ultrapure water was prepared by using NANO Pure Infinity System (Barnstead/Thermolyne Corp., Dubuque, Iowa, USA) and was used throughout all the experimental processes.
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10

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Potentials

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2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydryl (DPPH), 5,5′-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acetylthiocholine (AcSCh), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), dichloromethane (DMC), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), donepezil, methanol (MeOH), magnesium chloride hexahydrate, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), tris hydrochloride (Tris-HCl) and sodium sulfate anhydrous were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (San Luis, MO, USA). Mueller Himton broth, Mueller Hinton II broth and fluid thioglycollate medium were purchased from DIPCO (Quito, Ecuador). The standard aliphatic hydrocarbons were purchased from ChemService (West Chester, PA, USA). Helium was purchased from INDURA (Quito, Ecuador). All chemicals were of analytical grade and used without further purification.
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