Rstudio integrated development for r

To pool the incidence of outcomes across all the selected studies, the R software (RStudio: Integrated Development for R; RStudio, Inc., Boston, MA, USA) using the “metarate” function was used to derive the incidence rate ratio in 100 patient-years. A random-effects model was used to circumvent heterogeneity so that no particular study was given a higher weightage. The outcome data were transformed by the logarithmic method to increase their statistical value and back-transformed to proportions using the “escal” function in “metafor.”^{15 (link)} Forest plots were drawn with proportional measures and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a random-effects model. Study heterogeneity was expressed as I². Influencing and outlier studies were looked for, and sensitivity analyses were conducted. Univariate and multivariate logarithmic covariate analyses of the outcomes were performed using the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) function. R² was used to estimate the heterogeneity accounted for, and a bubble plot was drawn to visualize the moderator effects.

A combination of software packages was used for analyses, including SPSS Statistics version 22.0 (IBM Corp), RStudio: Integrated Development for R (RStudio Inc), and SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc). Two-sided significance was set at α = .05 (type I error rate). Standard summary measures were used to describe demographic and clinical characteristics for the sample, stratified by APOE ε4 allele status, with group comparisons obtained through t tests for continuous variables and χ² tests for categorical variables.

Statistical analysis was performed utilizing RStudio: Integrated Development for R (RStudio, Inc., RStudio Team (2018), Boston, Massachusetts, https://www.rstudio.com). The primary outcomes were the fraction of endophthalmitis etiology, days to presentation, initial management, subsequent PPV, and VA outcomes between the pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 groups. Secondary outcomes included the microbial spectrum, and the rate of post-injection endophthalmitis between the pre-COVID-19 versus the COVID-19 cohorts. Snellen VA was converted to the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR) VA for statistical analysis. Vision levels of count fingers, hand motion, light perception, and no light perception were assigned LogMAR values of 2.3, 2.6, 2.9, and 3.2, respectively, as established by prior studies.^{[25 (link)]} Fisher's exact test was employed to compare categorical variables between the pre-COVID-19 group and the COVID-19 group. A Wilcoxon rank sum test was performed to compare VA outcomes, days to presentation, and follow-up duration. Statistical significance was determined based on an alpha level of $<$ 0.05.