The experiments were approved by the Danish Animal Experiments Inspectorate, permission no. 2019-15-0201-01651. The approval included intravitreal bevacizumab intervention in experimental CRVO. A total of 9 Danish Landrace pigs, weighing 30-40 kg, were used for the experiments and housed under a 12 h light/dark cycle. The animals were anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of Zoletil (Virbac, Carros, France) (ketamine 6.25 mg/mL, tiletamine 6.25 mg/mL, zolazepam 6.25 mg/mL, xylain 6.25 mg/mL, and butorphanol 1.25 mg/mL). During anesthesia the animals were observed by a veterinarian or an anesthesiologist for vital parameters and if needed the trachea was intubated and the animal was manually ventilated until the animal was awake again. Topical anesthesia was performed with Oxybuprocaine Hydro 0.4% (Bausch & Lomb, Kingston Upon Thames, UK) and Tetracaine (Bausch & Lomb, Kingston Upon Thames, UK). Dilation of the pupils was performed with Tropicamide 1.0% (Bausch & Lomb, Kingston Upon Thamas, UK) and Phenylephrine 10% (Bausch & Lomb, Kingston Upon Thames, UK) [25] (link). After the last operation, the animals were eventually euthanized with an overdose of pentobarbital (Le Vet, Oudewater, The Netherlands).
Tropicamide
Manufactured by Bausch & Lomb
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany
Tropicamide is a synthetic mydriatic and cycloplegic agent used in ophthalmological examinations. It is a short-acting pupil dilator that temporarily enlarges the pupil and paralyzes the eye's focusing mechanism.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Phenylephrine, by Bausch & Lomb (9 mentions)
Phenylephrine hydrochloride, by Bausch & Lomb (9 mentions)
Micron 3, by Phoenix Pharmaceuticals (5 mentions)
Phenylephrine hydrochloride, by Akorn (4 mentions)
Rompun, by Bayer (3 mentions)
Genteal, by Alcon (3 mentions)
Viscotears, by Novartis (3 mentions)
Cyclopentolate, by Akorn (3 mentions)
Xylazine, by Bayer (3 mentions)
Phenylephrine hydrochloride eye drops, by Bausch & Lomb (2 mentions)
Domitor, by Orion Pharma (2 mentions)
Genteal lubricant eye gel, by Alcon (2 mentions)
Envisu r2200 sdois imaging system, by Bioptigen (2 mentions)
Sd oct, by Bioptigen (2 mentions)
Systane lubricant eye drops, by Alcon (2 mentions)
Genteal gel, by Alcon (2 mentions)
Xylazine, by Akorn (2 mentions)
Sl 7e, by Topcon (2 mentions)
Rebel t3, by Canon (2 mentions)
Domitor, by Pfizer (2 mentions)
74 protocols using tropicamide
1
Intravitreal Bevacizumab for Experimental CRVO
2
Myopic Maculopathy in Floaters and Retinal Assessment
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Seventy eyes of 70 participants were recruited from ophthalmology clinics in South Australia. Their reason for attending the clinic were new onset floaters (51 eyes, all with posterior vitreous detachment), optometric initiated review for retinal assessment of myopic eyes (16 eyes), ocular hypertension (one eye, no structural or posterior segment abnormality), and previous retinal detachment or retinal tear in the contralateral eye (two eyes, both had posterior vitreous detachment with no retinal pathology). Myopic maculopathy was present in 13 participants: 3 with a tessellated fundus (category 1 in the International photographic classification of myopic maculopathy[18 (link)]), 4 with diffuse chorio-retinal atrophy (category 2), and 6 with patchy choroidal atrophy (category 3). Participant age range was 33–83 years (median 62 years), with axial length from 21.11–36.88 mm (median 24.52 mm), measured with the Zeiss IOLMaster (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Germany). There were 40 right eyes, and 30 left eyes, and 37 were female, 33 male. The study was undertaken with Southern Adelaide Clinical Human Research Ethics Committee approval, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. After written informed consent, eyes were dilated with one drop of tropicamide 1% (Bausch & Lomb, Chatswood, Australia), and one drop of phenylephrine 2.5% (Bausch & Lomb, Chatswood, Australia).
3
Anesthetic Procedures for Murine Ocular Research
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All experiments were approved by the local Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body (University of Southampton). All experiments were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, including the ARVO statement for the use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research. Reporting of animal experiments follows recommendations in the ARRIVE guidelines. All experiments in this study were performed on three-month old C57BL/6 J female mice (n = 22, including control mice). The mice were maintained in a standard 12 h dark/12 h light cycle, with food and water available ad libitum. Mice were administered reversible anaesthesia with a combination of ketamine (80 mg/kg, Chanelle) and xylazine (8 mg/kg, Bayer) in 0.1 mL of saline. Mouse pupils were maximally dilated using 1% tropicamide and 2.5% phenylephrine hydrochloride eye drops (Bausch & Lomb). The corneas of mice were kept hydrated throughout laser treatment and imaging procedures carried out with repeated topical application of artificial tears (Viscotears, Alcone). Anaesthesia was reversed at the conclusion of the procedure with 10% antisedan in sterile saline at 8 μl/g of mouse weight. For terminal procedures, mice were anesthetised with 0.1 ml pentobarbitol and trans-cardially perfused with 0.9% NaCl (Sigma-Aldrich, UK) containing 5 units/ml heparin sulfate (CP Pharmaceuticals, UK).
4
Dark-Adapted Electroretinography in Mice
5
In Vivo Mouse Anesthesia Protocol
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For all in vivo procedures, mice were anaesthetised with a combination of ketamine (Vetalar, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bracknell, UK; 80 µg/g body weight) and xylazine (Rompun; Bayer, Reading, UK; 10 µg/g body weight) diluted in sterile 0.9% saline, delivered by intraperitoneal injection. Pupils were then dilated with tropicamide 1% and phenylephrine 2.5% eye drops (both Bausch & Lomb, Kingston upon Thames, UK). Where appropriate anaesthesia was reversed at the end of procedures by intraperitoneal injection of atipamezole (Antisedan, Zoetis, Leatherhead, UK; 2 mg/kg body weight) diluted in sterile 0.9% saline.
6
Pupillary Responses to Luminance Pulses
7
Anesthetic Procedures and Phenotyping of Genetically Modified Mice
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When required, mice were anaesthetised with an intraperitoneal injection of midazolam (Hypnovel; Roche, Welwyn Garden City, UK) 5 mg/kg, medetomidine (Domitor; Orion Pharma, Newbury, UK) 0.5 mg/kg and fentanyl (Sublimaze; Janssen, High Wycombe, UK) 0.05 mg/kg in water. Their pupils were dilated with phenylephrine hydrochloride 2.5% wt/vol. and tropicamide 1% wt/vol. (Bausch and Lomb, Kingston upon Thames, UK) before in vivo imaging or electroretinography was undertaken. Afterwards, mice were brought round with naloxone (Hameln, Gloucester, UK) 1.2 mg/kg, atipamezole (Antisedan; Orion Pharma) 2.5 mg/kg and flumazenil (Hameln) 2.5 mg/kg in saline (154 mmol/l NaCl).
The three genotypes were evaluated at 6, 10, 15 and 20 weeks of age. The animals were weighed, and blood glucose concentrations were measured (AlphaTRAK glucometer; Alameda, Pompano, FL, USA) at the same time of the day for all the animals in the study, at each of the ages. All in vivo studies (electroretinograms, leucostasis and OCT) except for fluorophotometry were carried out at these ages. Photographs of the physical appearances of mice were captured at 6 and 20 weeks of age.
The three genotypes were evaluated at 6, 10, 15 and 20 weeks of age. The animals were weighed, and blood glucose concentrations were measured (AlphaTRAK glucometer; Alameda, Pompano, FL, USA) at the same time of the day for all the animals in the study, at each of the ages. All in vivo studies (electroretinograms, leucostasis and OCT) except for fluorophotometry were carried out at these ages. Photographs of the physical appearances of mice were captured at 6 and 20 weeks of age.
8
Göttingen Minipig Pupillary Dilation
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The study was approved by the Danish Animal Experiments Inspectorate, permission no. 2019-15-0201-01651. Göttingen minipigs were housed under a 12 h light/dark cycle, and general anesthesia and topical anesthesia were performed as previously described [25 (link)]. The dilation of the pupils was performed with tropicamide 1.0% (Bausch & Lomb, Bridgewater, NJ, USA) and phenylephrine 10% (Bausch & Lomb, Bridgewater, NJ, USA).
9
Murine Fundus Imaging and Scoring
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Mice fundi were imaged using an otoscope-based fibre-optic light device as described previously52 (link). Following the LASA guidelines (Laboratory Animal Science Association’s good practice guidelines for administration of substances), mice were anaesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of a mixture of 40 mg/kg Ketamine hydrochloride “VETALAR” (Fort Dodge Animal Health Ltd., Southampton, UK) and 20 mg/kg Medetomidine “DOMITOR” (Orion Pharma, Espoo, FI) diluted in injectable water. Administration was performed using single-use needles and syringes. Pupils were dilated with 1% (w/v) Tropicamide, and 2.5% (w/v) Phenylephrine hydrochloride “MINIMS” (both from Bausch & Lomb UK Ltd., Kingston-upon-Thames, UK). Carbomer 2 mg/g liquid gel “VISCOTEARS” (Alcon Eyecare UK Ltd., Camberley, UK) was applied to the corneal surface to protect the cornea from drying during imaging. Anaesthesia reversal was performed by subcutaneous injection of 16 mg/kg Atipamezole “ANTISEDAN” (Orion Pharma, Espoo, FI) in injectable water, during which mice were kept in a warm environment and continuously monitored until complete recovery. Severity of disease was graded on the appearance and number of fundus inflammatory lesions using a scoring system modified from52 (link) and an atrophy scoring system previously used and published53 (link).
10
In Vivo Photo-Controlled Drug Release in the Eye
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