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Parathion

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Parathion is a chemical compound used as a pesticide. It is a colorless to brown liquid with a characteristic odor. The core function of Parathion is to act as an insecticide and acaricide.

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Lab products found in correlation

Chlorpyrifos, by Chem Service (3 mentions) Diazinon, by Chem Service (2 mentions) 125i iodopindolol, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions) Horseradish peroxidase, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Nadph, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Coumarin, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Amplex red reagent, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Menadione, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Superoxide dismutase, by Merck Group (1 mentions) 5 5 dithiobis 2 nitrobenzoic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Glucose 6 phosphate (g6p), by Roche (1 mentions) 7 ethoxyresorufin, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Acetylthiocholine chloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Tetraisopropyl pyrophosphoramide, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Recombinant human acetylcholinesterase, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Cyp1a2, by BD (1 mentions) Cyp2b6, by BD (1 mentions) Cyp2c9, by BD (1 mentions) Cyp2c19, by BD (1 mentions) Cyp2d6, by BD (1 mentions)

6 protocols using parathion

1

Evaluating Estrogenic EDC Mixtures

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A set of 45 estrogenic EDC reference chemicals (Table S1) with well documented in vivo activity were provided in DMSO via agreement with Dr. Keith Houck (US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC).
Mixtures and individual chemicals used in the complex mixture analysis were prepared as previously described (Chen et al., 2020 (link); Hsieh et al., 2021 (link)). Mixtures (Table S2) were designed using a set of criteria that included 1) diverse set of chemicals belonging to multiple classes of environmental toxicants and 2) concentrations based on known in vitro data found in the ToxCast database, in vivo data used to determine regulatory oral non-cancerous reference doses (RfDs), or general population exposure levels derived from the ExpoCast database. Individual chemicals for comparison to active mixtures were from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR 2020) priority list of hazardous substances. These chemicals are frequency detected at U.S. National Priority List sites (i.e., Superfund sites). Chemicals were from Sigma-Aldrich, except heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, parathion, benzidine and o,p′-DDT, which were from ChemService and provided in DMSO by the lab of Dr. Ivan Rusyn (Texas A&M, College Station, TX) as part of the Superfund Research Program. All mixtures and individual chemicals were then tested using six 10-fold serial dilutions.
Szafran A.T., Mancini M.G., Stossi F, & Mancini M.A. (2022). Sensitive image-based chromatin binding assays using inducible ERα to rapidly characterize estrogenic chemicals and mixtures. iScience, 25(10), 105200.
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2

Radiolabeled Iodopindolol Binding Assay

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Animals were purchased from Charles River Laboratories (Raleigh, NC). PerkinElmer Life Sciences (Boston, MA) was the source for [125I]iodopindolol (specific activity, 2200 Ci/mmol). Diazinon and parathion were obtained from Chem Service (West Chester, PA) and Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO) was the source for all other reagents.
Slotkin T.A., Skavicus S, & Seidler F.J. (2017). DIAZINON AND PARATHION DIVERGE IN THEIR EFFECTS ON DEVELOPMENT OF NORADRENERGIC SYSTEMS. Brain research bulletin, 130, 268-273.
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3

Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Assay Protocol

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Recombinant human acetylcholinesterase, superoxide dismutase, horseradish peroxidase, NADPH, menadione, acetylthiocholine chloride, 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), 7-ethoxyresorufin, tetraisopropyl pyrophosphoramide, and coumarin were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Parathion, paraoxon, and diethylthiophosphate were from Chem Service Inc. (West Chester, PA). Amplex Red reagent was from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR). Recombinant human CYPs (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and CYP 3A7), and pooled human liver microsomes were purchased from BD Gentest (Woburn, MA). Recombinant human CPR, Vivid P450 substrates, 7-ethoxy-methyloxy-3-cyanocoumarin (EOMCC) and 7-benzyloxy-methyloxy-3-cyanocoumarin (BOMCC), 7-methoxy-4-trifluoromethyl coumarin and dibenzylfluorescein were from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY). Glucose-6-phosphate and Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were from Roche Diagnostic (Indianapolis, IN).
Jan Y.H., Richardson J.R., Baker A.B., Mishin V., Heck D.E., Laskin D.L, & Laskin J.D. (2015). Vitamin K3 (menadione) redox cycling inhibits cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism and inhibits parathion intoxication. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 288(1), 114-120.
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4

Rat Neural Stem Cell Assay for Neurotoxicity

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Primary rat embryonic neural stem cells, N2 supplement and human fibroblast growth factor were purchased from MTI-GlobalStem (Gaithersburg, MD). DMEM/F-12, GlutaMAX™, Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline, Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline with Ca2+ and Mg2+, BlockAid™ blocking solution, rat anti-GFAP, donkey anti-rabbit IgG Alexa Fluor 647, goat anti-rat IgG Alexa Fluor 555, DAPI nucleic acid stain and ProLong Diamond Antifade mountant were acquired from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). Rabbit anti-MAP2 was purchased from EMD Millipore Headquarters (Billerica, MA). Chlorpyrifos, parathion, diazinon, dieldrin and fipronil were obtained from Chem Service Inc. (West Chester, PA).
TSE was prepared by Arista Laboratories (Richmond, VA); Kentucky Reference cigarettes (KY3R4F) were smoked on a Rotary Smoke Machine under ISO conditions (International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland). The smoke condensate was collected on 92 mm filter pads, which were then extracted by shaking for 20 min with DMSO, to obtain a solution of approximately 20 mg of condensate per ml. Condensate aliquots were stored in amber vials at −80°C until used. Two cigarettes were smoked to produce each ml of extract and the final product contained 0.8 mg/ml (5 mM) nicotine.
All other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
Slotkin T.A., Skavicus S., Card J., Levin E.D, & Seidler F.J. (2016). Diverse Neurotoxicants Target the Differentiation of Embryonic Neural Stem Cells into Neuronal and Glial Phenotypes. Toxicology, 372, 42-51.
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5

Chemical Exposures in Research

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Chemical exposures were performed with p-nonylphenol (99.9%) (Honeywell Riedel-de Haën, Morris Plains, NJ USA), bisphenol A (97%), triclosan (97%) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO USA), parathion (99.5%), chlorpyrifos (99.1%), endosulfan (99.5%), and atrazine (98.6%) (Chem Service, West Chester, PA USA). Stock solutions of each chemical were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (99.7%) (Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ).
Schmidt A.M., Sengupta N., Saski C.A., Noorai R.E, & Baldwin W.S. (2017). RNA sequencing indicates that atrazine induces multiple detoxification genes in Daphnia magna and this is a potential source of its mixture interactions with other chemicals. Chemosphere, 189, 699-708.
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6

Neurotransmitter Uptake and Signaling

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Parathion (O,O′-diethyl-p-nitrophenyl-phosphorothioate) and chlorpyrifos (O,O′-diethyl-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl-phosphorothioate), >99% pure; GC/MS analysis, were purchased from Chem Service (West Chester, PA). Acetylcholine iodide (acetyl-3H, specific activity 76.0 Ci/mmol) was purchased from Perkin Elmer (Wellesley, MA). [3H]anandamide (ethanolamine 1-3H) specific activity 60 Ci/mmol), was purchased from American Radiolabeled Chemicals (St. Louis, MO). Arachidonoyl-1-thio-glycerol and anandamide were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI). All other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Guide cannulae (MD 2250) and microdialysis probes (MD 2204, 4 mm membrane) were purchased from Bioanalytical Systems Inc. (BAS, West Lafayette, IN).
Liu J., Parsons L, & Pope C. (2015). Comparative Effects of Parathion and Chlorpyrifos on Endocannabinoid and Endocannabinoid-Like Lipid Metabolites in Rat Striatum. Neurotoxicology, 50, 20-27.
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