3 3 4 5 tms

3,3′,4,5′-TMS and 3,4′,5-TMS (purity > 98%) were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. High-glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) were obtained from GE Healthcare Life Sciences HyClone Laboratories (Utah, USA) while fetal bovine serum (FBS) and Penicillin-streptomycin (P/S) were from Gibco (Carlsbad, CA, USA). LPS, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Griess reagent, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and Triton X-100 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for IL-6 and TNF-α were purchased from Mlbio (Shanghai, China). All the primary antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Tech (Danvers, MA, USA) while the secondary antibodies were obtained from Beyotime Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA), Alexa Fluor 488-labeled secondary antibody, and 2-(4-amidinophenyl)-6-indolecarbamidine dihydrochloride (DAPI) were purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). Dihydroethidium (DHE) and 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate acetyl ester (CM-H₂DCFDA) were acquired from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR, USA). Malondialdehyde (MDA) assay kit was purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China).

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was obtained from Hangzhou Fude Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China), and ethanol was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Dexamethasone (DXMS) and D-glucose (≥99.5%) were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). 3,3′,4,5′-TMS (purity > 98%) were acquired from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). The primary antibodies against GAPDH, p-GSK3β (Ser9), GSK3β, p-Akt (Ser473), Akt, p-IRS1 (Ser307), IRS1, IRS2 and PI3K were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA), whilst Nrf2 was supplied by Beyotime Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). The secondary anti-rabbit antibodies were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology.