T80 uv vis

The total carotenoid content was assessed using spectrophotometry. Carotenoids were extracted with acetone and partitioned with hexane to remove lipids. The carotenoids in the extract were estimated by reading the absorbance at 470 nm using a spectrophotometer (T80+ UV/VIS, PG Instruments Ltd., Lutterworth, UK).

The ATN, SMX, and ROS concentrations were determined by spectrophotometric methods, whose calibration curves were obtained by measuring the absorbance at the wavelength of maximum absorbance of each compound, i.e., at 226 nm, 265 nm, and 242 nm, respectively, in a spectrophotometer T80+ UV-Vis (PG Instruments, Lutterworth, UK). The resulting calibration curves are ATN (mg L⁻¹) = 28.95 × absorbance (R² = 0.9997), SMX (mg L⁻¹) = 14.96 × absorbance (R² = 0.9998) and ROS (mg L⁻¹) = 25.886 × absorbance (R² = 0.9998) and are displayed in the Supplementary Materials (Figures S1–S3). All experiments and analysis were conducted in at least two replicates. The membranes were washed between each experiment by circulating distilled/deionized water or a pH 10 solution in cycles of 30 min, at 30 °C, flow rate of 480 L h⁻¹, and pressures below 2 bar. The cleaning procedure was carried out until the pure water flux was restored to at least 90% of the initial value.

The formation of the Ag NPs was examined by a UV–visible spectrophotometer (UV–visible multi-channel spectrophotometer (T80 UV/VIS, d = 10 mm, PG Instruments Ltd, Japan) from 300 to 600 nm. The morphology of Ag and MOF was evaluated by transmission electron microscopic (TEM). TEM image was taken at an accelerating voltage of 120 kV (Tecnai G2 Spirit, FEI Company, USA). The morphology of MOF (powder), VF, VF-Ag, VF-MOF, and VF-Ag-MOF surfaces was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) (ZEISS LEO 1530 Gemini Optics Lens scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with 30 kV scanning voltages was employed to observe the morphologies of untreated and treated fabrics. Zeiss LEO 438 VP with Oxford Instruments EDX with INCA software system. EDX measurement conditions, 20 kV accelerating voltage, 21 mm working distance, 1 nA sample). The FTIR spectroscopy (PerkinElmer Co., Ltd., MA, USA) analyzed the surface of MOF, VF, VF-Ag, VF-MOF, and VF-Ag-MOF. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used for phase identification and crystal structural analysis for MOF (powder) (PANalytical X’pert PRO PW 3040/60 (Netherlands) X-ray diffraction fitted with a Cu Kα (λ = 0.154 nm) radiation source in range 2θ = (10–80°)).

Leaf chlorophyll content was analyzed following the Hiscox and Israelstam methods [18 (link)]. A cork borer was used to cut out 10 mm leaf discs, and their weights were determined. The leaf discs were immersed in a 10 mL dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution and kept for 4 h in a hot air oven at 70 °C. The DMSO solution obtained was used to determine total chlorophyll content by recording absorbance at 645 and 663 nm in a UV–visible spectrophotometer (T80+ UV/VIS, PG Instruments Ltd., Lutterworth, UK).

The concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) as an indicator of lipid peroxidation (LPO) was measured in seminal plasma using the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction (36 (link)) with malondialdehyde using an MDA assay kit (Tali Gene Pars, Isfahan, Iran) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. After equilibration to room temperature, reagents were added to the samples. Briefly, 1 mL of diluted semen (25 × 10⁶ sperm/mL; three straws per replicate) was mixed with 1 mL of cold 20% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid for protein precipitation. The precipitate was pelleted by centrifugation (4,000 rpm for 15 min) and 750 μL of the supernatant was incubated with 750 μL of 0.67% (w/v) TBA in a boiling water bath at 95°C for 10 min. After cooling, the absorbance was evaluated at 532 nm with a spectrophotometer (T80 UV/VIS PG Instruments Ltd., United Kingdom), and the MDA level was reported as nmol/mL of seminal plasma.