The experimental equipment included an eye-tracking system, the Tobii Pro Glasses 2, and an electric vehicle. As shown in Figure 1 , the Tobii Pro Glasses 2 consist of a head-mounted module and storage module, person–vehicle–road–environment–traffic data and eye movement data obtained by the principle that infrared rays are emitted into a driver’s eyes and reflected back to the eye tracking system through his/her pupils. The voice data of these subjects were obtained using a head-mounted module including a scene camera, four eye-tracking cameras and a microphone. These data were superimposed together into a video and a storage module was used to store the video through a data transmission line. Employing the binocular collection method, the system was used to measure the eye movements of 24 participants while driving with a sampling rate of 50 Hz. The drivers wore the eye tracker and drove the same electric vehicle for the on-road test. Although it is safer to use a driving simulator to collect experimental data and allow control of driving conditions, the data obtained by a driving simulator are not as authentic. In addition, the eye movement data measured by the eye tracking system were exported by the dedicated processing software Tobii Pro Lab, and each index datum was obtained by analyzing the video frame by frame.
Pro glasses 2
Manufactured by Tobii
Sourced in Sweden, United States
The Tobii Pro Glasses 2 is a head-mounted eye-tracking device designed for professional research applications. It tracks the user's gaze and eye movements, capturing data that can be used to analyze visual attention and behavior.
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Lab products found in correlation
44 protocols using pro glasses 2
1
Eye Tracking of Electric Vehicle Drivers
2
Eye-Tracking Calibration and Task Analysis
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We used a Tobii Pro Glasses 2 with 50 Hz and a scene camera of 1920 × 1080 pixels and 25 fps. We calibrated the Tobii Pro Glasses 2 for each participant via a 1-point calibration before the start of the experiment. The quality of the calibration was verified with 5 points distributed on an A3 paper. There was one dot in the middle, with another four dots at each corner. In this way, the outer dots were approximately 24 cm apart from the dot in the centre. The paper was placed on the table and participants looked at it from an approximately 50 cm distance. The viewing angle was, therefore, . If the calibration failed, meaning that participants’ eye movements did not coincide with these five points on the paper, the calibration was repeated until a successful calibration was achieved. At this point, no subject had to be excluded due to failed calibration. Figure 3 a shows a sheet of paper with a photograph of the setup, including labels of the experimental components, a schematic of the beam paths and three experimental tasks. Figure 3 b shows the identified bounding boxes on this sheet of paper in one frame. On the paper, we distinguished different tasks (right-hand side of the paper) as well as different types of instruction, such as text, picture, and graphical representation (left-hand side of the paper).
3
Eye-Tracking and EEG in Surgical Training
4
Multi-Modal Neurophysiological Data Acquisition
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EEG recordings were made with a 32 channel G.Nautilus with active electrodes (Gel-based) from G.tec medical engineering GmbH, Austria. The data was recorded at 250Hz. Additionally, a band-pass and notch filter were respectively applied between 0.5 and 30hz, and 58hz and 62hz with the proprietary g.NEEDaccess python client from G.tec25 . All the configuration parameters for the device were chosen based on previous studies with the G.Nautilus25 ,26 (link). The channel AFZ is the device’s ground, and the reference is the right earlobe. The preprocessing steps were minimized to allow easy translation to real-time scenarios.
Eye movements were recorded with a Tobii Pro Glasses 2.0 (Tobii Technology AB, Danderyd, Sweden). This device has a pair of inner cameras that precisely track the eye movements and the user’s pupil diameter. This sensor provided 2D and 3D gaze positions and the pupil diameter of both eyes at a sampling rate of 60Hz. No further preprocessing steps were done to the features provided by the sensor. Synchronization and recording of the eye tracker and EEG signals were achieved with the LabStreamingLayer (LSL) software27 .
Eye movements were recorded with a Tobii Pro Glasses 2.0 (Tobii Technology AB, Danderyd, Sweden). This device has a pair of inner cameras that precisely track the eye movements and the user’s pupil diameter. This sensor provided 2D and 3D gaze positions and the pupil diameter of both eyes at a sampling rate of 60Hz. No further preprocessing steps were done to the features provided by the sensor. Synchronization and recording of the eye tracker and EEG signals were achieved with the LabStreamingLayer (LSL) software27 .
5
Wearable Eye-Tracking Metrics Analysis
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A wearable eye-tracking system, Tobii Pro Glasses 2.0 (Tobii Technology AB, Danderyd, Sweden) was used to binocularly sample eye movements at 50 Hz. The eye-tracking device consisted of two major parts. A camera was located in the middle of the glass frame (outer side) to record the view of the scene while sensors were mounted in the inner side of the glass frame to capture eye movements and pupil diameter.
Pupil diameter and gaze points were continuously recorded by the system during sessions. Recordings were annotated using the Tobii Pro Lab Software (Tobii Technology AB) and extracted for further analysis. Four eye-tracking metrics were calculated from the raw data: pupil diameter (mean of left and right), gaze entropy, fixation duration, and percentage of eyelid closure (PERCLOS), defined as follows.
Pupil diameter and gaze points were continuously recorded by the system during sessions. Recordings were annotated using the Tobii Pro Lab Software (Tobii Technology AB) and extracted for further analysis. Four eye-tracking metrics were calculated from the raw data: pupil diameter (mean of left and right), gaze entropy, fixation duration, and percentage of eyelid closure (PERCLOS), defined as follows.
6
Eye Tracking Data Analysis in Cardiology
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Time spent on DCs at the cardiology ward was extracted using “iMotion software” compatible to Tobii Pro Glasses 2. In situations where recording back-up from the Go-pro camera (Hero 4) were relevant, VLC media player 3.0.6 (January 9, 2019) was used to extract data. Time registrations from both sub-studies were registered in Excel 2016. All statistical analyses were performed using IMB SPSS Statistics 25.
Normal distributions of data were tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test for sub-study 1 (> 50 samples) and the Shapiro-Wilk Test for sub-study 2 (< 50 samples). Data were subsequently analyzed using a one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD post hoc test. A Kruskal–Wallis test was used for analysis where normal distribution could not be assumed. Statistical significance was accepted at P<0.05.
Normal distributions of data were tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test for sub-study 1 (> 50 samples) and the Shapiro-Wilk Test for sub-study 2 (< 50 samples). Data were subsequently analyzed using a one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD post hoc test. A Kruskal–Wallis test was used for analysis where normal distribution could not be assumed. Statistical significance was accepted at P<0.05.
7
Multimodal Physiological Data Collection
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The physiological data were collected using two wearable sensor devices. The eye-tracking data (pupil diameter, gaze) were recorded using Tobii pro glasses 2 [89 ] with a sampling frequency of 50 Hz. The Empatica E4 wristband [90 ] was used to record blood volume pulse (BVP) and extract heart rate using the E4’s internal algorithm, galvanic skin response (GSR), and skin temperature. The current heart rate was calculated once per second, while GSR and skin temperature were captured with a sampling frequency of 4 Hz.
8
Oculography-Based Eye Tracking Protocol
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A 100-Hz infrared video-oculography (Pro Glasses 2, Tobii, Danderyd, Sweden) was used to measure eye movements during SPNT test and left eye pupillary diameter (Piñero et al. 2020 (link)). Participants were instructed to track a horizontally moving target of a red dot (size 0.5° of visual angle) which was projected with a 100-Hz refresh rate (Optoma ML1050ST LED Projector, Fremont, USA) 150 cm away at an eye level (Deravet et al. 2018 (link)). Participants were sitting on a custom-made rotatable chair with upper body fixed to the back support. All measurements were conducted by the same examiner in a room with constant illumination.
9
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement Measurement Protocol
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Infrared video-oculography (Pro Glasses 2, Tobii, Danderyd, Sweden) was used to measure smooth pursuit eye movements at a sampling rate of 100 Hz [18 (link),19 (link),20 (link)]. A single target calibration routine was performed prior to measurements in the Tobii Pro Glasses Controller (Tobii Pro Glasses Controller, Tobii, Danderyd, Sweden). Patients were required to track a horizontally moving target of a red dot (size 0.5° of visual angle) projected (Optoma ML1050ST LED Projector, Fremont, CA, USA) on a white screen 150 cm away at an eye level with a 100-Hz refresh rate [21 (link)]. Patients were sitting on a custom-made rotatable chair with upper body fixed to the back support (Figure 1 ). A 16 item proforma was adapted as described by Teo et al. and Treleaven and Takasaki [8 (link),13 (link)].
10
Objective Eye Tracking for Concussion Evaluation
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Due to the test’s subjective outcomes (provocation of non-specific symptoms), the VOMS cannot be used in isolation to diagnose SRC. Wearable eye trackers may provide an objective method of instrumenting traditional subjective tests like the VOMS and yield enhanced metrics on fixations, saccades and smooth pursuit [55 (link),56 (link)]. We will use the Pupil Labs, Core eye tracker or Tobii Pro Glasses 2 while comparing the traditional VOMS test results across three main movements, fixations, saccades and smooth pursuits. Data is wirelessly transferred to Pupil Labs/Tobi proprietary software and stored locally. Data will then be stored on a secure Further analysis of these will be made using a custom-made MATLAB ® (MathWorks Inc, Massachusetts, USA) algorithm as previously described [49 (link),57 (link)].
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