Ly2109761

Recombinant human (rh-)TGF-β1 (Millipore, Burlington, MA, United States), rh-BMP2, rh-BMP4, rh-BMP7, rh-GDF15 and rh-Activin A (all from Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ, United States) were dissolved in 0.1% BSA containing PBS and stored as recommended. Galunisertib, LDN-193189, LY2109761 (ApexBio, Houston, TX, United States), dorsomorphin (Biomol, Hamburg, Germany), SIS3, TGFBR1 kinase inhibitor IV (Calbiochem, San Diego, CA, United States), decitabine, K02288 (Selleckchem, Houston, TX, United States), SB431542 hydrate, RepSox (Sigma-Aldrich), GW788388, DMH-1 (Tocris, Bristol, United Kingdom) were dissolved in DMSO (Sigma-Aldrich) and stored according to manufacturer’s recommendations. Recombinant human Type II TGF-β receptor chimeras ACVR2A-Fc, ACVR2B-Fc, BMPR2-Fc, TGFBR2-Fc, and IgG-Fc were purchased from R&D (Minneapolis, MN, United States) and dissolved in 0.1% BSA containing PBS and stored as recommended.

Recombinant human TGF-β1 was obtained from Peprotech (USA). After dissolving in 10 mM citric acid, TGF-β1 was stored at −80°C. Resveratrol and LY2109761 were obtained from ApexBio and all dissolved in DMSO to acquire a storage liquid of 100 mM and 10mM concentration at −20°C.

MCF7, MDA-MB-231, and SUM-159 cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (Hyclone, Logan, UT, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 mg/mL streptomycin. All cell lines were cultured in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂ at 37 °C. For treatments with the following inhibitors, cells were seeded at the same density and allowed to adhere for 24 h under normal conditions before treatment with the indicated concentrations of different inhibitors. The inhibitors including AZD8330 (A8374), SB203580 (A8254), SP600125 (A4604), PS-1145 (B6089), (5Z)-7-Oxozeaenol (B7443), MK2206 (A3010), LY2109761 (A8464), and Cyclo-RGDfK (A8164) were purchased from APExBIO (Houston, TX, USA). Belvarafenib (S8853) was purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX, USA), and UK122 (sc-356185) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).