Fei tecnai g2 spirit twin transmission electron microscope

C. odorata leaves were identified by a qualified botanist and were collected from the Botanical Garden of Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India with specimen number: BOT/DAC/2023/32. The following equipment was used: a UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Shimadzu-1700, Tokyo, Japan), rotor–stator mixer (Witeg HG-15D, Baden-Württemberg, Germany), 20 kHz Sonicator (Ultrasonics, Sonics & Materials, Inc., Newtown, CT, USA), Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Panalytical Ltd., Malvern, UK), Brookfield cone and plate viscometer (Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc., Middleboro, MA, USA), pH meter (Hanna Edge, Providence, RI, USA), Sebumeter^® SM 815 (Tokyo, Japan), Corneometer^® CM 825 device (Courage & Khazaka, Electronic GmbH, Köln, Germany), SnakeSkin dialysis bags (Thermo Scientific, Maharashtra, India), and FEI Tecnai G2 Spirit Twin Transmission electron microscope (FEI Company, Uniondale, NY, USA), Minneapolis. C. odorata oil (CAS Number: 8006-81-3), Cremophor^® EL (CAS Number: 61791-12-6), Di (ethylene glycol) ethyl ether (Transcutol^® HP, Gattefosse Corp Company, Paramus, NJ, USA) (CAS Number: 111-90-0), and Poloxamer 188 (CAS Number: 9003-11-6) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemicals Private Limited, Bangalore, India. Preserved skin samples were purchased from ETSY Pvt. Ltd., Gurgaon, India. All the solvents and chemicals were of a good analytical grade.

UV-Vis absorption was measured by using a Persee T6 UV-Vis spectrometer (Beijing Persee General Instrument Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). Photoluminescence (PL, Shanghai Ideaoptics Phenix Optical Company Limited, Shanghai, China) was recorded on an Ideaoptics FX2000-EX PL-spectrometer. Transmission electron spectroscopy (TEM) was performed on a FEI Tecnai G2 Spirit TWIN transmission electron microscope operating at 100 kV (FEI Company, Hillsboro, OR, USA). Scan electron microscopy (SEM) experiments were performed on FEI Nova NanoSEM 450 (FEI Company, Hillsboro, OR, USA). X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments were realized with a SmartLab X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). EDS (energy-dispersive spectrometer) characterization was performed on an EDAX Octane Plus Det operating at 1.76 keV (EDAX Company, Mahwah, NJ, USA).