Sodium taurocholate stc

The HFD chow (60% kcal from fat, Research Diets D12492) was purchased from Beijing Huafukang Bioscience Co., and standard chow diet (SCD, 13.2% kcal from fat) was provided by Beijing Keao Xieli Feed Co. Sodium taurocholate (STC) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA, Cat no. T4009). Transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase- (TAK-) 242 was purchased from MedChemExpress (Shanghai, China, Cat no. HY-11109).

Adult male SPF Sprague-Dawley rats, with weight from 200 g to 250 g, were provided by Hunan SJA Laboratory Animal Co. (Changsha, Hunan, China). All animals were housed under standardized environment with free access to standard laboratory rodent chow and sterile water. The study was approved by the Committee on Ethics of Animal Experiments of Wuhan University and performed in compliance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals from the National Institutes of Health. 4-PBA and sodium taurocholate (STC) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Isoflurane was from Abbott Laboratories (Shanghai, China). EliVision super/horseradish peroxidase (HRP) kits were purchased from Maixin Biotech Co. (Fuzhou, China). Rat tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were purchased from eBioscience Inc. (Vienna, Austria). Rat insulin ELISA kit was from Elabscience Biotechnology Co. (Wuhan, China). BiP, ORP150, CHOP, and Caspase-3 antibodies were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, United Kingdom); insulin antibody was from Cell Signaling Technology Inc. (Danvers, MA, USA).

Free total rhubarb anthraquinones were purchased from the Research Institute (Huaian, Jiangsu, China, batch number: 20130211) and dissolved in normal saline (NS). Sodium taurocholate (STC) was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, United States). Rat TNF-α and IL-1β ELISA Kits were purchased from United States Systems R&D (Long Beach, CA, United States). NO Kit was purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology Research Institute (Shanghai, China). MPO kit was purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Biological Engineering Institute (Nanjing, Jiangsu, China). Fixative solution, permeabilization wash buffer, Foxp3 fixative permeabilization wash solution, monensin, APC anti-rats CD4, FITC anti-rats IFN-γ, PE anti-rat IL-4, PE anti-rat CD25, Alexa fluor 488 anti-rat Foxp3 and goat anti-rat SIgA were purchased from Biolegend Company (San Diego, CA, United States). Rabbit anti-rat NLRP3, goat anti-rat ASC, mouse anti-rat caspase-1 were purchased from Santa Company (Santa Cruz, CA, United States). Triton, bovine serum albumin (BSA) DAB color liquid, goat super sensitive two-step reagent Kit, mouse one-step kit, TRITC labeled rabbit ant- goat secondary antibodies, fluorescein (FITC) labeled sheep anti-rabbit secondary antibodies were purchased from ZSGB Biological Company (Beijing, China).