Poly(allylamine
hydrochloride) (PAH, Mw = 17 500
Da), poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)
(PSS, Mw = 70 000 Da), sodium chloride
(NaCl, ≥99%), anhydrous magnesium chloride (MgCl2, ≥98%), and sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (MESNA, analytical
standard, ≥ 98.0) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Hydrochloric
acid (36.5–28.0% NF grade) was purchased from VWR International.
Nitric acid (65%, for analysis) and ethanol (absolute) were purchased
from Merck Millipore. Acetone (HPLC grade, 99.9%) and dichloromethane
(stabilized with amylene) were purchased from BIOSELVE BV. All chemicals
were used as received without further purification. The inorganic
salts were kept in a vacuum oven overnight prior to use.
Neosepta
cation-exchange (CMX), anion-exchange (AMX), and monovalent cation-selective
(CIMS) membranes (Astom Corp., Japan) were soaked in a solution of
4 mM NaCl and 4 mM MgCl2 for at least 48 h before use.
The porous carbon electrodes, which were deposited on a graphite foil
substrate, were supplied by Voltea BV, Netherlands. Glass fiber prefilters
(25 mm in diameter) with a pore size of 2.0 μm (Merck Millipore)
were used as a spacer for MCDI experiments. Flat substrates of gold
sputtered on glass (1 × 1 cm) were purchased from ECsens. Milli-Q
water (18.2 MΩ·cm, Milli-Q Integral 3 system, Millipore)
was used to prepare salt and polyelectrolyte solutions.
hydrochloride) (PAH, Mw = 17 500
Da), poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)
(PSS, Mw = 70 000 Da), sodium chloride
(NaCl, ≥99%), anhydrous magnesium chloride (MgCl2, ≥98%), and sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (MESNA, analytical
standard, ≥ 98.0) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Hydrochloric
acid (36.5–28.0% NF grade) was purchased from VWR International.
Nitric acid (65%, for analysis) and ethanol (absolute) were purchased
from Merck Millipore. Acetone (HPLC grade, 99.9%) and dichloromethane
(stabilized with amylene) were purchased from BIOSELVE BV. All chemicals
were used as received without further purification. The inorganic
salts were kept in a vacuum oven overnight prior to use.
Neosepta
cation-exchange (CMX), anion-exchange (AMX), and monovalent cation-selective
(CIMS) membranes (Astom Corp., Japan) were soaked in a solution of
4 mM NaCl and 4 mM MgCl2 for at least 48 h before use.
The porous carbon electrodes, which were deposited on a graphite foil
substrate, were supplied by Voltea BV, Netherlands. Glass fiber prefilters
(25 mm in diameter) with a pore size of 2.0 μm (Merck Millipore)
were used as a spacer for MCDI experiments. Flat substrates of gold
sputtered on glass (1 × 1 cm) were purchased from ECsens. Milli-Q
water (18.2 MΩ·cm, Milli-Q Integral 3 system, Millipore)
was used to prepare salt and polyelectrolyte solutions.