1 2 propylene glycol

Sucrose (SUC, 97 %), Maltose (MAL, 97 %), Mannose (MAN, 99 %), D‐Threitol (97 %) and Ammonium Metatungstate (AMT, 99.5 %) were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. Erythrose (ERO, 75 %), meso‐Erythtirol (99 %), Erythrulose (ERU, 85 %), 1,2‐propylene glycol (1,2‐PG, 98 %), Ammonium Phosphomolybdic (APM, AR) and Ammonium Paratungstate (APT, 99.5 %) were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. Glycolaldehyde dimer (GA, 98 %), Glucose (GLU, 99.5 %), Fructose (99 %) and Ethylene glycol (EG, 99.8 %) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich. Mannitol (98 %) and Sorbitol (98 %) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Company. Ammonium tungsten oxide (AT, 99.9 %) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Deionized water was produced by a laboratory water purification system. All other reagents were commercially available and were used as received.
The hydrogenation catalysts used in the investigation were Ru/C (5 % Ruthenium on activated carbon, Maclin), Pd/C (5 % Palladium on activated carbon, Aladdin) and Pt/C (5 % Platinum on activated carbon, Aladdin). XRD patterns of these catalysts indicated their small metal sizes (Figure S6).

Quinoa seeds and soybean oil were purchased from Haishang International food franchise store and Yihai Kerry Arawana Holdings Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Nile Blue A, Nile Red and 1, 2-propylene glycol were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). ProClin™150 formaldehyde was purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Total protein (TP) assay kit (A045-2-2) was purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Research Institute (Nanjing, China). All other chemicals were of analytical grade and purchased from Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).